大家好啊 我是汉克·格林
Hi there. I’m Hank Green.
但现在 我是……超级汉克·格林
But now, I’m … Super Hank Green!
我拥有超能力
And I have super powers
比如我看不清东西 真心觉得它们都如巨人一般
like I can’ t see very well and I really like they might be giants.
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在超级英雄漫画里
According to superhero comics,
只是简单地戴上或摘掉眼镜
simply putting on or taking off glasses
就足以彻底改变你的外貌
is enough to completely transform your appearance.
文质彬彬的克拉克·肯特突然就变成了超人
Suddenly, mild-mannered Clark Kent is Superman!
很多人觉得那很荒谬
And lots of people have claimed that ’ s ridiculous,
因为一副眼镜似乎
because a pair of glasses doesn ’ t seem like
并不足以让一个人变得无法认不出来
enough to make someone unrecognizable.
但实际上 研究人员已对此进行了研究
But researchers have actually looked into this,
因为……眼镜确实有这个能力
because… of course they have.
结果表明 我们的大脑处理人脸的方式
And it turns out that thanks to the way our brains process faces,
使得眼镜足以让你无法认出某人
glasses can be enough to keep you from recognizing someone,
尤其是陌生人
especially a stranger.
这对一个满是照片证件和目击证词的世界来说
Which, in a world full of photo IDs and eyewitness testimony,
是一件大事
is kind of a big deal.
面部对于我们人类来说很特殊
Faces are special to us humans
因为我们的生存离不开社交活动
because social interaction is key to our survival.
事实上 面部非常特别
They’re so special, in fact,
以至于你的大脑有一整套用来识别它们的系统
that your brain has entire systems dedicated to recognizing them.
大脑的某些区域 比如枕叶面部区
Some regions of your brain, like the occipital facial area,
对面部的某些区域 比如眼睛和鼻子做出特定反应
respond specifically to parts of the face, like the eyes or nose.
同时 你的梭状回会对整个面部做出反应
Meanwhile, your fusiform gyrus responds to the whole face.
它告诉你的大脑什么是什么
It tells your brain what’ s what,
这样你就知道自己在看一张脸
so you know that you ’ re looking at a face and not
而不是一片烤面包或其它什么东西
a piece of toast or whatever.
大脑的其他区域 比如颞上沟区
Other regions, like the superior temporal sulcus,
对情绪表达等面部表情
respond to facial cues — emotional expressions,for example,
或眼睛所看的方位做出反应
or where the eyes are looking.
但即便如此 你还是无法分辨那张面孔
But even so, a face isn’t recognizable
直到你将记忆及经历与那张面孔相融
until you draw on your memories and experiences to contextualize it.
这就是为什么当某人改变外貌后 你就很难再认出他来
Which is why it can be harder to recognize a person when something changes.
例如 在杂货店里 你也许不能马上认出你的上司
You might not immediately recognize your boss at the grocery store, for example.
或者戴着眼镜的超人
Or Superman wearing glasses.
不 这是真的
No, really.
2016年 英国的一项针对59名实验对象的研究发现
A 2016 study in the UK with 59 subjects found that
眼镜使我们很难判断
glasses made it harder to tell
两张照片是否为同一人
if two images were of the same person.
如果两张照片里的人都戴眼镜
If both had glasses,
或者都不戴眼镜
or both didn ’ t have glasses,
在大约80％的时间里 参与者可以正确判断出他们是否为同一个人
the participants could correctly tell if they were the same person about 80 % of the time.
但如果一张是戴眼镜的 另一张不戴
But if one had glasses and the other didn’t,
则参与者只有在大约74％的时间里
they were only able to tell if they were the
能够判断出他们是否为同一个人
same person 74% of the time.
虽然数据相差不大
While that ’ s not a huge difference,
但仍有统计学意义
it was still a statistically significant change,
它表明眼镜会影响你识人的难易程度
and it shows that glasses can affect how easily you identify someone,
尤其是陌生人
especially a stranger.
除了这样实验
In addition to experiments like these,
科学家们还经常通过观察离群值代表的个体
scientists often study how our brains recognize faces
来研究大脑识别人脸的方式
by looking at the outliers.
有些人在面部识别测试中的得分高于正常值
Some people score way above normal on facial ecognition tests.
他们被称为超级识别者
They ’ re called super recognizers,
他们真的 真的非常擅长识别人脸
and they ’ re really, really good at identifying faces,
甚至是经过遮挡或化妆
even when they ’ ve been obscured or disguised,
比如戴了帽子或贴了胡子的人脸
like with a hat or a mustache.
可惜我没有那种能力
And I am not one of them.
他们的识别能力很强或许是由于
And that might be because they focus more
他们比常人更注意观察鼻子
on the nose than other people do.
研究者认为观察人脸的中部
Researchers think looking near the middle of the face —
即鼻子周围的区域
right around the nose
也许可以让他们一次性观察整个面部 而不是一块块地看
may help them process the face all at once, rather than piece by piece.
将面部看做一个整体
And looking at the face as a whole,
而非眼睛 鼻子和嘴巴的集合体
rather than an assembly of eyes, nose, and mouth,
似乎对真正认出某人
seems to be an important part of actually recognizing who it is,
而不仅仅是看到他的面部来说很重要
rather than just seeing the face.
所以如果你想更好的识别他人 就看鼻子吧！
So if you want to recognize people better, just right at the nose!
也有些人在面部识别方面很糟糕
There are people who are completely awful at recognizing faces as well.
我发誓 这绝不只是人们在聚会上用到的托辞
It’s not just an excuse that people use at parties, I swear.
症状严重时 就变成了“人脸失认症”或“脸盲症”
In severe cases, it’s called prosopagnosia, or face blindness,
这种疾病还格外常见
” and it ’ s surprisingly common —
研究表明 约有2％的人在某种程度上患有此症
studies suggest about 2% of people might have it to some extent.
脸盲症可能是受伤或疾病引起的 但大多是先天性的
It can be caused by an injury or disease, but many cases are congenital
用Lady Gaga的经典名言来说 他们天生如此
in the immortal words of Lady Gaga, baby they were born that way.
不管怎么说 脸盲的人面部识别能力都很差劲
People with prosopagnosia tend to be bad at recognizing faces no matter what.
在先天性病例中 似乎是患者
In congenital cases, it often seems to come from
梭状回的结构或信号传导出现了问题
structural or signaling problems in the fusiform gyrus,
梭状回是负责将面部视作整体的大脑区域
the part of the brain that sees faces as a whole.
换言之 患者很难区分他人的面貌
In other words, they have trouble distinguishing faces as faces.
比如说 大多数人
For example, most people can more easily
辨认正立的面孔比倒立的要容易
recognize an upright face than an inverted face,
但不管面孔如何摆放 脸盲症患者都无法识别
but people with prosopagnosia are always bad at it, no matter the orientation.
以及他们更关注嘴部而非眼部或鼻子
And they spend more time looking at the mouth area than the eyes or nose,
这可能就是他们无法记忆人脸的原因吧
which might explain why they can’t match the face to memory.
他们没观察对地方
They ’ re not looking at the right areas — and maybe,
还有可能他们没有观察整个面部
they ’ re not really seeing the whole face.
大多数人都处于这两个极端之间
Most of us are in between these extremes:
能较好地识别人脸
okay at recognizing faces, especially ones
特别是一直见面的人 但也不是很擅长
you see all the time, but still not perfect.
这好像不是什么大问题
Which might not seem like a big deal
直到你考虑到真实世界的情况
until you think about all of the real world situations
在真实世界 无法识别人脸会带来严重的后果
where a person’s ability to recognize faces can have some pretty serious consequences.
比如需要出示照片证件的场所 或需要目击证词的时候
Like all the places we use photo IDs, or in eyewitness testimony.
另一方面
On the other hand,
善于识别人脸者可以从事安检行业
people who are good at recognizing faces could be used to make things more secure.
比如说 伦敦警方就有自己的超级识别者调查证实小队
For example, the London Police Force has their own research-confirmed team of super-recognizers
协助警方从监控片段中辨别疑犯
who help identify suspects from video footage.
因此 解决这些安全问题的一个方法可能
So, part of the solution to these security issues might be to
包括在面部识别相关的行业
include recognition testing in the hiring process for jobs
在招聘时进行识别力测试
where facial recognition is important.
最终 我们也可以提升电脑的识别能力 替我们做这份工作
We could also eventually let computers, which are constantly getting better at this, take over.
因为尽管我们的大脑有特定区域来负责面部处理
Because sure, our brains have special areas for processing faces,
但我们也没有自己想的那么擅长
but we’re not as great at recognizing them as you might think.
以及最后 这就是为什么 尽管饱受抨击
And ultimately, that’ s why Superman‘s disguise might actually be enough—
但超人的伪装已经足够的原因所在
despite all the flag gets received.
只要他再把自己膨胀的肌肉藏好
As long as he can also hide all the bulging muscles
这我真不知道他是怎么做到的
which I don ’ t know how he manages that.
感谢大家观看本期心理科学秀
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych!
如果你想了解更多有关面部识别的奇闻逸事
If you’re interested in learning more about the weird quirks of facial recognition,
你可能会喜欢我们的这个视频
you might like our episode on
“长时间盯着自己的脸为何会变成血腥玛丽”
How Staring at Your Own Face too long Can Make You Turn You into Bloody Mary.
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[♩OUTRO ]