“Hayashi sensei ga odoroku, hatsumimigaku!”
林老师惊讶—前所未闻
This is Hayashi Osamu,
这位是林修
a cram school teacher who became famous for a commercial in which
一个补习学校老师 他在一个商业节目上说
he says “ja itsu yaru ka? i ma desho!”
“什么时候学习？现在！”
That’s easy for him to say
这对他来说很容易脱口而出
because Hayashi Sensei here is blood type O and as we know
因为林老师是众所周知的O型血
from the 2013 anime “ketsuekigatakun” or “Blood type kun”
2013年的动漫《血型君》说
blood type O people have great focus
O型血的人有很好的专注力
and can stay up all night studying.
能够整晚学习
You see, in Japan, blood types are sort of like zodiac signs.
你看 在日本 血型就像黄道带饰件那样
Many people believe that blood type affects personality
很多人相信血型影响个性
and can determine things like the compatibility of a marriage partner.
和决定像与结婚对象和睦相处之类的事情
And this idea has been widespread since at least the 1970’s
这个想法很普遍 可以追溯到至少20世纪70年代
when journalist Nomi Masahiko he got made it popular.
旅行家Nomi Masahiko（能见正比古） 让血型说流行起来
Blood type is more likely to be brought up
血型更有可能出现在
when on the topic of romance,
与浪漫有关的话题中
but it’s not uncommon for blood type to appear
但是血型普遍出现在
in the media and many other places.
媒体和其他地方
This is famous singer Nishino Kana’s 2015 song
著名歌手Nishino Kana（西野加奈）一首2015年的单曲中
about blood type A people
讲了A型血的人
“Datte watashi A gatada shi, yappari are kore to shinpai”
“因为我是A型血 所以我经常担心这个担心那个”
One Japanese television show aired an experiment to see how
日本电视节目播出了一个视频
kids would react when a “substitute teacher” dropped a vase
通过一个代课老师打破花瓶来观察孩子的反应
that the kids were told was very important.
孩子们已被提前告知花瓶很重要
They saw that blood type A kids right away told
A型血的孩子立即告诉
on the substitute teacher,
另一个代课老师
type B kept the secret,
B型血的孩子则保守秘密
type O also told on the sub,
O型血的孩子也直接跟另一个代课老师说
and type AB promised to keep it secret
AB型的孩子承诺保守秘密
but then ratted the sub out anyway.
但是背后又打小报告了
In 1990 the Asahi newspaper reported
1990年 《朝日新闻》报道了
that Mitsubishi Electronics created a small team
三菱电机成立了一个团队
composed entirely of blood type AB people,
整个队的队员都是AB型血
thanks to their “excellent creativity and planning skills”.
因为他们的“优秀的创造力和计划能力”
In 2011, ex-Minister Ryu Matsumoto,
2011年 前董事长Ryu Mastumoto（松本龙）
famously conducted himself in an unprofessional way
以不专业的方式行事而著名
that led to his resignation.
这导致了他的辞职
He blamed the rude behavior and
他以粗鲁的行为和
abrasive remarks he made towards two governors
粗暴的言论指责两位州长
on the fact that he was blood type B.
事实上 他是B型血
“B-gata de tanrakuteki na tokoro ga atte”
“B型血的人会短路”
That same year, an issue of Asahi Newspaper talked
同年 《朝日新闻》谈到
about how some new graduates were worried that they were being
关于一些新的毕业生担心他们自己
discriminated against during hiring processes for being blood type B.
因B型血而在招聘过程中被区别对待
It’s not particularly common, but people can
这并不普遍 但是人们
sometimes be asked what their blood type is during a job interview,
有时候在面试中会被问及他们的血型
and on some companies’job application sheet,
在公司职位申请表里
there’s even a field to fill in your blood type.
也会出现一个空格填血型
One twitter user wrote in 2015 that one of his work superiors
2015年 一位推特网友写到了 他的上司
said that “blood type O people are usually irresponsible
说“O型血的人经常不负责任
so I don’t want to hire them.”
所以我不打算聘用他们”
Now let me be clear that I’m not trying to present
现在我想声明一下我并不打算将
this as a big societal “problem”
血型作为一个大的社会问题
the point of these examples is simply to illustrate
提及的这些例子只是简单地阐明
how widespread the concept is in Japan.
日本对血型的看法
According to data from 2016,
据2016年的数据
somewhere around 40 % of Japanese people believe that
将近40%的日本人相信
blood type contributes to your personality,
血型对人的个性有影响
but what was most surprising to me was that: According to
但是让我吃惊的是：
a 2017 survey from an online community exclusive to doctors called medpeer,
据2017年的一个在线社区迈迪培尔做了一项关于医生的独家调查
38 % of doctors thought that blood type affects personality.
38%的医生认为血型影响个性
Let’s first take a quick look at the history of this.
让我们快速浏览下这段历史
In 1901, Austrian Physician Karl Landsteiner discovered blood types and
在1901年 奥地利内科医生Karl Landsteiner发现血型和
we now can type blood based the antigens on the blood cell.
分类血型是基于血细胞的抗原
Simply put you are A, B, AB or O
简单的来说根据你的抗原
depending on if you have A antigens, B antigens,
是A型B型AB型还是没有抗原
both antigens or neither of the antigens.
而将你区分成A型血 B型血 AB型血和O型血
By the way, ABO is just one of many blood grouping systems,
顺便说一下 ABO只是众多的血液分组体系的其中一种
but it’s what we’ll focus on for this video.
也是我们视频关注的焦点
In 1910, German scientists Ludwig Hirszfeld and Emil von Dungern
1910年 德国科学家Ludwig Hirszfeld和Emil von Dungern
demonstrated that blood type is an inherited trait,
论证血型是遗传性状
which was recognized as a huge milestone for human genetics.
这是人类遗传学重要的里程碑
Around this time, it was found that Japan had
在这个时候 发现B型血的日本人是
twice as many blood blood type B people as did Europeans.
欧洲人的两倍
Emil von Dungern made the baseless and unclassy comment
Emil von Dungern做了毫无根据的评论
that blood type B people, and therefore and therefore,
说B型血的人是下等的
Asians with their higher percentage of blood type B people are inferior.
因此 具有大量B型血的亚洲人是下等的
Other researchers including Ludwig Hirszfeld had
其他调查者包括Ludwig Hirszfeld
also made negative comments about blood type B people.
对B型血的人也做了负面评价
This inflammatory commentary is what caused
这些煽动性评论导致
professor Furukawa Takeji to begin investigating
Furukawa Takeji（古川竹二）教授开始研究
how blood type affects personality.
血型如何影响个性
He wanted to prove that there is nothing wrong
他想证明
with the character of blood type B people.
B型血的人并没有什么错
He started his work by analyzing 11 of his relatives.
他首先分析了他的11位亲戚
He found that blood type A people were shoukyokuteki which
他发现A型血的人是“消極的”
translates to “inactive” or “passive”.
即不活跃的、被动的
The blood type B and O people were sekkyokuteki
B型和O型血的人是“積極的”
which means “positive” or “assertive”.
即乐观的 坚定而自信的
This encouraged Furukawa to go on and look at colleagues and students
这鼓励古川教授继续研究他的同事和学生
as well, investigating 319 more people.
总共调查了超过319人
His results were presented in a 1926 paper titled
1926年 他的研究结果发表在一篇叫
“Research on Temperament due to Blood Type”
《血型气质研究》的论文里
he came up with these traits for each blood type.
他提出每个血型的特性
Then In 1931 Furukawa published a sensational article
然后在1931年 古川教授
in the famous economics magazine jitsugyounonihon titled
在业之日本杂志公司发表了一篇耸人听闻的文章
“Astonishing new discovery—you can understand career
名为《大发现—
and marriage compatibility through blood type”
通过血型理解职业、婚姻、个性》
But by 1933 the Japanese Society of Legal Medicine
但是1933年 日本法医协会说
said that there was no relationship between blood type and personality,
血型和个性之间没有什么关系
criticizing Furukawa’s statistical methods and dismissing his findings.
批评了古川教授的统计方式并且否定了他的发现
Public interest in the topic remained for a while,
公众对血型话题的兴趣持续了一段时间
but eventually fizzled out.
最终终于消停
Then about 40 years later, interest in blood type boomed again
大约40年之后 血型热又再一次火了起来
thanks to journalist Nomi Masahiko’s book “Blood Type Anthropology”
这得益于旅行家Nomi Masahiko（能见正比古）的书《血型人类学》
with the subtext “Become happy by analyzing your personality”.
副标题是“通过分析个性变得开心”
In the book he pointed out that a majority of
他在书中指出很多
the post war Japanese prime ministers were blood type O
战后的日本首相们是O型血
and that many successful baseball players from Japan and Korea
以及很多来自日本和韩国的棒球运动员
were blood type O or type B.
的血型都是O型或者B型
In Nomi Masahiko’s 1978 book “New Blood Type Anthropology”
在Nomi Masahiko1978年的书《新血型人类学》中
he discusses some data from that same year – 1978,
他分析了同一年 也就是1978年
from the AIU insurance company.
从美亚保险公司获得的数据
After looking at 1374 people involved in car accidents across 3 months,
通过三个月观察卷入交通事故的1374人
they found that those with blood type O were
他发现O型血的人
significantly more likely to be involved in an accident and
更有可能被卷入一场事故
blood type A people were less likely to be in an accident.
A型血的人则较少可能
Blood type O people made up 5%
O型血的人
more than expect of the accidents,
比预期的事故多5%
and blood type A people made up 4% less than expected.
A型血的人 比预期的事故低于4%
Initially, this data might seem pretty convincing.
最初 这个数据可能可信
But several years later, in 1995, the story was flipped.
但多年调查之后 在1995年 这项研究被推翻
Type O’s were exonerated and
O型血的人是清白的而
now type A’s were the bad guys.
A型血的人才是坏蛋
3234 accidents in Ibaraki across two months showed that
茨城两个月内的3234场事故显示
type A people were much more likely to have a car accident
A型血的人更有可能遭遇车祸
and type O people were much less likely to have one.
而O型血的人则反之
Despite this inconsistency with the 1978 data,
尽管这与1978年的数据不一致
conclusions were even made about which
结论都说某类血型
blood type is more likely to have what type of accident,
更有可能涉交通事故
as is illustrated in this easy to understand comic.
如简单易懂的插图漫画所示
Just this year, 2018, Takeda Tomohiro published a book titled
今年2018年 Takeda Tomohiro（武田知弘）出版一本叫
“It’s really amazing! Blood types.”
《血型真的很惊人！》的书
The new truth can be seen from statistics in the chapter titled
据统计可以看到新的事实
“The mystery of No type A sluggers”
他在章名为“没有A型血的击球手奥秘”中指出
he points out that all of the top ten Japanese home run
所有前十的日本全垒打击球手
batters and top ten batters with the most hits
和前十击球手
are either type B or O.
大多数不是B型血就是O型血
This might sound like impressive data,
这可能是让人印象深刻的数据
“Kore chotto hottokenai data desu ne.”
“这真是无法保证的数据啊”
But then again, this is looking at only 20 people.
话说回来 这只是观察了20个人
When you look at the distribution of blood types across the 786
当你看这幅来自12个日本职业棒球联盟队伍里的
platters in the 12 teams of the Japanese pro baseball league,
786个运动员的血型分布图
it is hardly different from that of the national blood type distribution.
很难找到有什么不同
Let’s look at some science on what
让我们看一些科学研究
we’re confident that blood type does have bearing on.
显示血型的确会影响我们的自信程度
There’s a lot of research showing
有很多研究表明
blood type does affect your health in several ways.
血型在一些方面会影响健康
But blood type O’s get most of the perks.
但是O型血的人是各项研究中最特别的
They are less likely to get pancreatic cancer,
他们在老年时期 可能患胰腺癌
areless likely to get Malaria, are less likely to get diabetes
疟疾 糖尿病
and are less likely to develop cardiovascular disease
心血管疾病
and cognitive decline in old age.
和认知衰退的概率更低
Type O’s can thank lower levels of von Willebrand factor,
O型血的人靠较低水平的血管性血友病因子
a blood clotting agent for their protection
凝血因子来预防
against heart disease and cognitive decline, but
心脏病和认知衰退
this also means they are more likely to die from severe trauma.
也意味着他们更有可能会死于严重创伤
You may have heard of the book “Eat right for your type”
你可能听说过一本书叫《吃适合你类型的食物》
Now did you ever think your blood type has anything to do with your diet?
你曾想过你的血型跟你的饮食有关系吗
Well this doctor says that does. author Peter D’Adamo claims
医生说有的 作家Peter D’Adamo提出
that your ticket to good health is eating in a way
要想身体健康
that is suitable for your blood type.
就要按适合你血型的方式吃
He provides several lines of reasoning to back up his claims
他从几个方面支持他的主张
which I may discuss in another video,
这个我可能会在其他视频里讨论
but this blood type diet of his seems
但是这个血型饮食似乎
to be like the diet version of the Barnum effect.
像饮食版本的巴纳姆效应
The barnum effect is where someone will be given a fortune or
巴纳姆效应表示某人根据星座或者血型
description of their personality based on their star sign or blood type
来决定财富多少 性格如何
and the person may say it sounds very accurate,
有些人会认为这说得很准
it sounds just like them.
听起来说的就是自己
“I can’t believe he analyzed me so accurately.”
“我不敢相信他分析得这么准确”
“It does feel actually so personal,
“我感觉真的很私人
such quite hard for me to share.”
对我来说很难分享”
“It’s kind of astounding.
“这有点让人震惊
I’ve always believed in something like it,
我总是相信这些
but it also shocks me
但是它也会震撼到我
because I didn’t think it would work so well.”
因为我没有想到它会做得这么好”
But in reality, the description was vague enough to
但在现实中 这种描述其实是模棱两可的
where it could have applied to anyone.
可以应用于任何一个人身上
“Yea. I’m afraid you have all got the exact same reading.”
“恐怕你们测试结果的描述都是相同的”
A 2014 study found that
2014年 一个研究发现
the diets found in “Eat right for your type”
在《吃适合你类型的食物》里的饮食
blood type A diet, AB diet and O diet provided benefits
A型血饮食 AB型血饮食以及O型血的饮食带来的好处
like lowered BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure,
比如说降低身体质量指数 腰围 血压
triglycerides and insulin.
甘油三酯和胰岛素等
But it didn’t matter who followed which diet.
这跟谁按照这个饮食方式无关
You could be blood type O and
你可以看到O型血仍旧能够从
still get the benefits from a blood type A diet.
A型血的饮食方式里受益
However D’Adamo claims that “Studies have shown that Type O
然而D’Adamo声称研究表明
has a stress response that centers on fight-or-flight.”
O型血的人在战斗或者逃跑方面具有应激反应
He explains that the neurotransmitter dopamine is converted into the neurotransmitter norepinephrine
他解释神经递质多巴胺
by an enzyme called dopamine beta-hydroxylase,
通过一种叫做多巴胺-ß-羟化酶的酶转化成神经递质去甲肾上腺素
and that blood type O people have higher levels of DBH,
O型血的人有高水平的DBH（多巴胺-ß-羟化酶）
so they are prone to anxiety from increased levels of norepinephrine.
所以他们容易因去甲肾上腺素的增加而焦虑
Higher levels of norepinephrine apparently also causes a tendency towards anger and aggression.
高水平的去甲肾上腺素能显著导致愤怒和攻击的倾向
This is why he recommends type O people to do vigorous exercise
这就是为什么他推荐O型血的人做激烈运动
and eat a lot of protein because that will block the enzymeDBH.
和吃很多蛋白质 因为这会阻断DBH（多巴胺-ß-羟化酶）
In the book, there are no reference numbers next to his
在书中 他的主张旁边没有参考编号
claims and “Appendix G: The Scientific Evidence”
以及《附录G：科学证据》
didn’t have any information on where
没有任何信息
he got this dopamine beta-hydroxylase idea
证明这个跟多巴胺-ß-羟化酶有关的论点
but I went ahead and looked into it and found
但是我继续查询相关的资料 发现
a paper online by a Donna Hobgood under “Medical Hypotheses”
Donna Hobgood在一篇《医学假说》的论文中
She explains that the gene for the enzyme we just discussed
解释我们刚刚讨论的酶的基因
dopamine beta hydroxylase is on chromosome 9q34
多巴胺-ß-羟化酶是在染色体9q34上
and is in tight linkage disequilibrium with the ABO blood typing gene.
并且在ABO血型基因中的紧密连锁不平衡
This might have been what one of the Japanese doctors
这个可以追溯到日本医生
in the earlier mentioned medpeer survey was referring to when he
前面提及过的迈迪培尔调查的医生之一
said that the reason he believes blood type is related to personality
他说他相信血型与个性有关
is that he had heard that the gene for blood type
因为他听说血型基因
and personality factors are close to each other on DNA.
与个性因素在DNA上相互接近
Hobgood says in her paper that “low activity DBH would relate to impulsive behaviors
Hobgood在论文里写到 低活性的多巴胺-ß-羟化酶跟冲动行为有关
while high activity DBH would relate to persistent behaviors.”
高活性的多巴胺-ß-羟化酶与常态行为有关
Then in 2015, inspired by the hypothesis presented by Hobgood,
然后在2015年 受到霍布古德假说的鼓舞
Japanese researchers investigated “ABO Blood Type and Personality Traits in Healthy Japanese Subjects”.
日本研究人员开展“日本健康主题—ABO血型与个性特征”的调查
The results of the study showed significant differences in persistence scores,
研究结果表明在持久性得分上有着显著差异
showing that subjects with the blood type A allele were more persistent.
A型血的等位基因更加持久
Though the authors were careful to say that
尽管作者谨慎地表示
this should be considered preliminary results
这只是初步结果
and that this data are inconsistent with several other previous studies.
而且这个数据跟之前的其他研究相悖
In contrast, a 2014 paper looking at 10,000 people
与此相反 2014年研究了10000人
from both Japan and the U.S. found that blood type explained
其来自日本和美国 发现血型被解释为
“less than 0.3% of the total variance in personality”
“个性的总方差低于0.3%”
The paper is titled “No relationship between blood type and personality:
论文题目是《血型与个性无关：
Evidence from large-scale surveys in Japan and the US”.
证据来自大规模的日本和美国研究》
So we’re hardly at a point where we can make any worthwhile conclusions
所以我们很难得出任何有价值的结论
about a person’s character based on their blood type.
基于一个人的血型来分析个性
Now, with all this said,
综上所述
couldn’t there be something to this blood type personality thing?
不能说血型与性格有关了吧？
After all, the reason some people get invested in this idea
毕竟一些人之所以研究这个论点
is because they really identify with the description for their blood type.
是因为他们确实认同血型的描述
But that sounds a lot like the Barnum Effect.
但是这听起来很像巴纳姆效应
And another factor in this could be that
另一个原因是
it’s an example of a self fulfilling prophecy
这可能是自我实现预言的一个例子
– if someone is told from a young age
如果一个人从年轻时就经常被说
that they must be the unique and artistic type,
他们必须独特的和有艺术气息的
because they are blood type AB,
因为他们血型是AB型
then they might start to view themselves as unique and artistic.
他们可能就会觉得自己是独特的和有艺术气息的
if you have a giant “B” stuck to your shirt,
假如你的衬衫上有个大大的字母B
you might act a little more like a type B person.
你就可能有点像B型血的人那样行事
But then again, Maybe the type A blood
话说回来 A型血的我
in me is making me overly skeptical.
可能让我过度怀疑
While it’s hard to actually make use of this information about
很难实际使用血型的信息
blood type, hopefully this was a decent exercise in critical thinking.
希望这是批判性思维的良好锻炼
If you want to further develop your critical thinking,
如果你想进一步锻炼批判性思维
then I really recommend checking out out Brilliant.
我推荐搜索 Brilliant网站
It’s a problem solving website that teaches you to be more analytical.
这是一个解决问题的网站 教会你更善于分析
They take complex concepts, break them down into bite sized nuggets,
他们把复杂的概念分成一小段
and guide you to think and apply your knowledge,
引导你思考和运用你的知识
so you can build a framework of understanding.
然后你就能构造一个理解的框架
For example, in their Science Essentials course,
例如 在科学的本质课上
they explain the story of how Barry Marshall proved that
他们解释Barry Marshall（巴里·马歇尔）
peptic ulcers are not the result of stress and spicy foods,
证明胃溃疡不是压力和辛辣食物引起的
but the bacteria H. Pylori.
而是感染幽门螺旋杆菌
This is faraway unfortunate for blood type O people
对于O型血的人来说是不幸的
as they seem to have a higher chance of getting it.
因为他们很有可能感染到这个
In the course, they use this example to not only
在课上他们举这个例子
explain the concept of empirical skepticism,
不仅解释经验主义怀疑论的观点
but also encourage you to think for yourself
还鼓励你自己去想
about why Barry Marshall confidently arrived at his conclusion.
为什么Barry Marshall自信地得出他的结论
So confident that he actually drank H. Pylori
是因为他确实喝了幽门螺旋杆菌感染溃疡
to get an ulcer and prove his point.
从而证明他的观点
It’s good to keep your critical thinking sharp
这有利于塑造你的批判性思维
so you can keep yourself safe from flimsy logic like what
所以你应该让自己远离脆弱的逻辑
we saw in the development of the blood type /personality theory.
如我们所见的血型/个性说的发展
So make sure and check out brilliant.org/WIL/ and sign up for free.
所以确认和查看brilliant.org/WIL 免费注册
The first 200 people that go to that link
前200人
will get 20% off the annual Premium subscription.”
用户将获得20%年保费订阅