It’s 1985, Windows 1 is released.
1985年 第一代Windows诞生
The Breakfast Club hits theaters
《早餐俱乐部》刚刚上映
Madonna is at the top of the charts.
麦当娜称霸音乐榜单
Let’s say you’re living a healthy lifestyle,
如果说你生活健康
working out and eating a balanced diet.
锻炼身体 均衡饮食
Now jump in a time machine and fast forward to today.
现在跳进时间机器 直接快进到现代
You’re using the exact same methods to stay in shape.
你还沿用一模一样的方法来保持身材
Would your weight stay the same too?
你的体重还会一样吗？
The surprising answer is: probably not. Here’s why.
答案令人震惊：极大可能不会 而原因如下
35% of adults in the US are obese today.
如今 美国有35%的成人超重
We’ve often blamed bad diets, sedentary lifestyles, and genetics,
我们怪罪不良饮食 久坐不动的生活方式 基因等等
but there are so many factors that can influence body weight.
但其实很多因素都会影响到体重
And here’s a big surprise.
让人意外的是
A 2015 study revealed that people are 10% heavier today
一项2015年的研究表明
even if they eat and exercise the same amount
即使现代人的食量和锻炼强度与80年代的人一样
as people did in the 80’s.
现代人却比80年代人的体重增加了10%
In other words, it was easier to be skinny then.
换句话说 以前的人更容易变瘦
The reason it was easier for people to be skinny in the 1980s,
研究人员认为
researchers think, is because of several hidden factors
上世纪80年代的人更容易变瘦的原因
that we might not have taken into account.
源于我们容易忽略的一些隐藏因素
Things like chemicals, pesticides, flame retardants,
比如化学制品 农药 阻燃剂
the types of drugs that we’re taking, the microbiome changing.
我们服用的药物 人体微生物组的改变
The first of these factors are the chemicals
第一个因素是化学制品
we now surround ourselves with in our everyday lives.
我们在日常生活中每天都要接触到化学品
Chemicals like flame retardants in our furniture,
像是家具中的阻燃剂
pesticides in our vegetables and clothing,
蔬菜和衣物上的农药
additives in food packaging and processed foods,
食物包装上和加工食品里的添加剂
and chemicals in our toiletries, cleaning products, and plastics.
化妆品 清洁用品 塑料中的化学成分
They could actually be changing the way your body burns energy,
化学制品很可能会改变你的身体燃烧能量和
stores fat,
储存脂肪的方式
It could be making small but meaningful differences.
这些改变很微小 却可能有着重要意义
The EU has banned many of these chemicals, while the US has not.
欧盟禁止了很多此类化学制品 美国却没有
In cosmetics alone, the EU banned 1,300 chemicals
仅在化妆品行业 欧盟禁止了1300种化学成分
while the US banned only 11.
美国只禁了11种
The second thing is an increase in antidepressants and other types of drugs.
第二是抗抑郁药和其他药物的增加
like SSRI’s…
例如SSRI这样的药物
and all these different categories of drugs that really,
这些不同种类的药物
they came around in the 80s
都在80年代左右出现
and really took off in the 90s,
并在90年代盛行
and now you have large numbers of people on these medications.
如今有大量人服用这些药物
Many people are prescribed these medications for serious medical conditions.
很多人是为了治疗严重的疾病才服用
Weight gain could be an unintended consequence.
体重增加可能是意料之外的结果
Some of them do appear to just make
其中有一部分药物的副作用表现为
you hungrier and make you eat more,
让你感到更饥饿然后食量变大
but there’s also a possibility that
但也有可能
they’re affecting your body in the same way,
药物对你的身体造成了这样的影响
that they’re potentially changing the way your body burns energy,
它改变你的身体燃烧能量的方式
and could be leading to some weight retention.
进一步导致体重增加
A third hidden factor is the one we know least about.
第三个隐藏因素是我们了解得最少的
The microbiome. Well,
微生物组
the microbiome in general is just a really hot field of research…
微生物组是研究领域的热点
The microbiome is any organism, virus, fungi,
微生物组是寄生在人体内或体表上的
bacteria that lives in or on the human host.
任何有机体 病毒 真菌和细菌
The most abundant microbiome is actually in the GI tract
种类最丰富的微生物组在胃肠道里
so when we talk about the human microbiome,
所以我们谈论人类微生物组时
most of us are talking about the GI tract microbes.
大多数人指的是肠道菌群
The microbes in our gut influence our weight and immunity,
肠道的微生物影响我们的体重和免疫力
and maybe even our behavior.
甚至影响我们的行为
A healthier microbiome has more variety
健康的微生物组更多元化
of species that perform different jobs in the body,
以便于执行人体内不同的工作
like breaking down fibers into energy and regulating our appetite.
比如把纤维分解成能量和控制食欲
A modern ‘ western’diet that is low
现代的“西式”饮食菜单
in fiber and high in fat and processed foods
包含很多低纤维 高脂肪的食物和加工食品
prevents the good bacteria
这会抑制有益细菌的寄生
from moving in and doing those jobs that help regulate our weight.
及其对体重的调节
When we have a lot of different microbes that makes you healthier.
更多元化的微生物组使人健康
We see less diversity and less redundancy
我们观察到
in patients that have diabetes,
在糖尿病患者和超重的病人身上
in patients that are obese.
微生物多样性更少 微生物数量更少
We evolved with these guys in us, and having this relationship with them,
我们和体内的微生物一同进化 息息相关
they harvest energy for us,
微生物为我们汲取能量
they help us make vitamins, they help our immune system,
生产维他命 强化免疫系统
we like these bugs.
我们喜欢这些微生物
And all of a sudden, we’re kind
忽然有一天
of screwing them up, we’re screwing them
我们破环了微生物的生长
up by giving them all these things that they ’
因为我们让微生物
re not used to doing, and processing,
处理它们不熟悉的化学物质
and I think that’s part of what we’re seeing.
这就是我们目前能看到的部分
And as a result of our microbiomes being out of whack,
微生物组不能正常工作
and our interactions with chemicals and drugs,
加上化学制品和药物在日常接触中产生的影响
our bodies may be comparatively larger than they used to be several decades ago.
导致我们的身体与数十年前相比更加庞大
Although let’s not forget
即便如此 不要忘了
that being thin doesn’t necessarily mean being healthy.
瘦不一定就是健康
The quest for weight loss is becoming increasingly more difficult. But,
减重确实是越来越困难了
on the flip side,
但从另一方面想
society today is more accepting of different body types than it was in the 80s.
相比于80年代 现代社会对各种体型更加宽容
I think now, and it’s actually a really
我觉得现在值得庆幸的是
good thing, you’re having more of an acceptance of different kinds of body types,
人们越来越接受不同的体型
You have kind of more of a celebration
在欣赏不同的人的体态时
of a different variety of people who aren’t necessarily skinny,
不再以苗条为标准
which I think is overall a really positive thing.
我觉得这是一件非常好的事情
So if you also don’t want to be skinny, that’s also fine.
你不想苗条 没有关系
Hi everyone, I’m Olga Khazan,
大家好 我是Olga Khazan
I’m a staff writer here at the Atlantic.
我是《大西洋日报》的栏目作家
We hope you enjoyed this episode.
我们希望你喜欢这期内容
Feel free to tune in for future episodes in this series,
欢迎收看这个系列未来的其他内容
and don’t forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel
不要忘记在油管上订阅我们的频道
where you can find a lot of other videos on science and other topics.
你会找到更多关于科学和其他话题的视频