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We have all been there,
我们都经历过
visiting your local hardware store like a kid in a candy shop.
像一个小孩进入糖果店那样参观当地的五金店
You arrive at the pick and mix screw section
你走到螺丝钉自选区
and you are just overcome with excitement.
你才能开始平静下来
How could you possibly pick just one screw.
你怎么可能只选一种螺丝呢
Woooooow look at all these screws. Amaaaazing.
哇！看着所有这些螺丝钉 太壮观了
You have sultry slotted screws, playful phillips,
这里有迷人的一字型螺丝钉 有趣的十字螺丝钉
oh and look at this one: a hex screw. You naughty polygon.
哇！看看这个六角螺丝钉 一个不规则的多边形
In your excitement you pick the largest bag
在兴奋之余 你捡起一个最大的袋子
you can find and fulfill your childhood dreams to buy 2 of every kind of screw.
你发现可以实现小时候 想要把每种糖果都买两颗的梦想
Mother can’t stop you now.
现在妈妈不会阻止你了
You arrive home with the glee of a spring lamb.
你如同一只撒欢的小羊快乐的回到家
Oh the assembly that awaits.
哇！它们都很期待
What joy.
这是多么令人开心的事啊
Then, to your horror,
然而 令人懊恼的是
you open your toolbox to discover you only have a fat flat head screwdriver
你打开工具箱后 发现只有一个笨重的一字型螺丝刀
that doesn’t even fit the flat head screws your bought.
根本不能贴合刚买的一字型螺丝钉
Your life is a lie.
生活是一种欺骗
You spent your life studying theory and never learned practical application.
你花了一辈子学的屠龙术 却无处施展
You are no real engineer.
你不是一个真正的工程师
Shhh it’s all going to be okay,
嘘 一切都会好起来的
dry those existential crisis tears.
擦掉那百害而无一利的眼泪
We are going to learn what all these screws are for,
我们接下来学习这些螺丝钉的用途
and how they came into existence.
以及它们是怎么来的
The humble screw is a technology so old that
螺丝钉制作技术历史悠久
we can not easily determine who first invented it,
我们不能十分确定是谁发明了它
but the answer as best we can tell is
但我们能给出的最佳答案是
Archimedes who used the helical screws ability
阿基米德利用螺旋形螺丝钉的特性
to turn rotational motion into linear force to pump water,
他把旋转动力转化为线性动力用于抽水
though he probably stole the idea from the Egyptians.
虽然这有可能是他从埃及人那里获取的灵感
You can imagine how a screw works fairly simply
你可以想象 观察它底部的旋转部分
by viewing the cross-section at the bottom.
一个如此简单的螺丝钉是如何发挥作用的
This part is essentially a wedge,
这部分本来是一个楔形的
and when you force a wedge under something it will lift it up.
当你在物体下面楔入楔子 它就会向上抬高物体
This wedge shape spirals all the way up the screw,
这个楔形物体成螺旋状旋转 一直上升到螺丝钉
allowing that force to be applied along the full length of the screw.
它可以使力量被均匀的作用到整个螺丝钉上
This idea was used for centuries to pump water, dig holes,
多个世纪以来 这个原理被应用于抽水 挖洞
and for pressing the shit out of grapes to make some wine.
以及榨葡萄汁来酿酒
Then some unknown person had a bright idea.
后来一些不知名人士有了好点子
If we can apply an opposing force,
假如我们能利用反向力
we could create compression to hold two parts together,
我们就能够控制压缩力来把两个部件结合起来
and so someone slapped a head on one of these screws that would press down while the threads pulled upwards.
所以有人会敲一下螺丝钉的头部 这样螺纹向上拉的同时螺丝钉向下压
Creating an incredibly useful fastener.
一种非常实用的零件就此诞生
This idea didn’t really take off
这个创意并未真正的流传开来
until a method of mass manufacturing them came about in 1797.
直到1797年大量生产螺丝钉的方法出现
when Henry Maudsley invented this metal cutting lathe that
亨利·莫斯里发明了这台金属切割机床
allowed for the consistent and precise cutting of screw threads
实现了精准一致的螺纹切割
He even set up a standard screw thread geometry for his machine shop
他甚至为自己的机械厂制定了一套标准的螺纹几何学
and cut all his nuts and bolts to fit those threads
并且通过切割螺母和螺栓来配套这些螺纹
and thus the chaos started.
所以混乱就此产生
Several decades of differing standards resulted in headaches far worse that
几十年来 由于螺纹的不同标准所造成的麻烦远比这个糟糕
your annoyance at new phone not fitting your old charging dock.
你的烦恼在于新手机不能匹配你的旧充电座
Perhaps the most notable incompatibility occured during the great boston fire of 1872
或许1872年在波士顿发生的大火灾是 最著名的不匹配事件了
When fire departments from neighbouring regions arrived to help,
当周围地区的消防部门赶来救火时
only to discoverer their fire hoses didn’t fit Boston’s fire hydrants.
却发现他们带来的消防管 不能与波士顿的消防栓匹配
Most of the world has now accepted ISO metric threads as a standard,
现在世界上大多数国家 都已经把ISO公制螺纹作为标准
although one country is still holding onto the inch as the standard unit of measurement.
但仍有一个国家 坚持以英寸作为标准测量单位
A measurement that was legally defined as the length of
1英寸在法律上被定为
“ three grains of barley, dry and round, placed end to end, lengthwise ”
三颗又干又圆的大麦粒 纵向放置的长度
for 8 centuries until it was redefined as 25.4 millimetres.
直到八个世纪后才被重新定为25.4毫米
Because as we all know,
因为众所周知
the best in class is always defined by the second best,
班上的第一名总是被第二名衬托出来的
but, I digress.
但我岔开这个主题
We can now generally trust that
如今 我们通常认为
a nut and bolt with the same diameters will fit,
有相同直径的螺母和螺栓能够匹配
even when mixing freedom units and metric,
甚至在混合自由度 单位 度量标准时也匹配
but what’s the story with all these different screw heads.
但这些不同的螺丝头有什么历史呢
Why can’t we just agree on one shape
为什么我们就不能使用一种型号呢
so we don’t need a toolbox full of screw drivers?
这样我们就不需要一个装满螺丝刀的工具箱了
The simple slotted screw head was likely the first type used
简单的一字型开槽螺栓头可能是最早使用的类型
as it’s easy and cheap to manufacture with a cutting tool,
因为便宜而且有利于切割工具的加工
but is a pretty terrible design for anything
但对于一些事物这是一个相当糟糕的设计
other than manual screw driving into wood.
除了手动将螺丝钉拧入木头
Screwdrivers can slip out of sides and you can turn the screw off its centre axis,
螺丝刀会从凹槽滑出 你也可以把螺丝钉从中轴旋出
which causes it drive into the material at an angle.
这就造成螺丝钉以一个角度进入材料中
This was not acceptable for mass production methods,
这对于大规模生产来说是不可行的
which as we explored previously, needed a foolproof production method.
正如先前探索过的 我们需要一种万无一失的生产工艺
So Peter Lymburner Robertson designed a manufacturing process for this square bit screw-head.
所以彼得·莱姆伯恩·罗伯逊 为这种略方的螺丝头设计了一种锻造流程
Which was designed to be easily and quickly driven home,
能让螺丝简单而又快捷的拧紧到位
without danger of the screwdriver slipping out
没有了螺丝刀滑出的危险
and damaging either the screw or the workpiece.
而且既不损害螺丝也不破坏工件
700 of these bad boys were used in the Model T,
700个这样的螺丝头被运用于T型车
and it saved Henry Ford about 2 hours
为每辆亨利福特汽车
of manufacturing time on each and every vehicle.
节约了大概2小时的制作时间
Henry Ford was so happy with the design that
亨利福特对这个设计非常满意
he wanted to licence it and manufacture them himself
以至于他想获得生产许可证并且自主生产
to ensure he had a reliable and steady supply of the fastener.
从而确保他有可靠而稳定的紧固件供应
but Robertson wasn’t about that money making life and said no.
但是罗伯逊不想赚这个钱 所以拒绝了
He continued doing this with other manufacturers for some bizarre reason
出于一些奇怪的理由 他继续和其他制造商做这件事
and now the design is mostly just used in Canada,
现在这种设计只在加拿大推广应用
and so in stepped Henry F Phillips with his infuriating screw design.
于是亨利·F·菲利普斯就带着他那令人恼火的螺丝设计登场了
He licensed out the design to Henry Ford and many other people.
他把这个设计授权给亨利·福特和很多人
This conical cross design allowed for a single screw driver to fit many sizes of screws,
这种锥形十字设计 允许一把螺丝刀适用于多种尺寸的螺丝
was self-centering, and was designed to cause the screwdriver to slip out of the slot at a certain torque
螺丝刀可以自复位 它的设计目的是使螺丝刀在一定扭矩下滑出槽外
and thus prevent workers from over tightening it and damage the screwdriver or workpiece.
从而防止因为工人 过度拧紧而损坏螺丝刀或工件
It also prevents you from getting the blasted thing out of a workpiece with even the slightest bit of rust.
也可以防止你拧坏稍微有一点生锈的工件
By 1939 this design was licenced to nearly every automotive, airplane and rail manufacturer in the US
到1939年 这种设计几乎被授权给美国每个汽车飞机 铁轨的制造商
Just in time for the boom in manufacturing created by World War 2 [1],
二战给制造业带来的繁荣也让它恰逢其时
With the lend lease act, many American designs were sold to their Allies,
凭借《租借法案》 很多美国的设计卖给了他们的同盟国
and thus the screw design spread even further.
因此这种螺丝设计进一步广泛传播
Now that most screwdrivers can automatically limit torque
现在大多数螺丝刀可以自动限制扭矩
the phillips design is pretty much just a pain in the ass,
菲利普斯的设计几乎是一个眼中钉
so other designs have come to the fore in more recent years.
因此近年来 其他设计也开始崭露头角
Specifically designed to stop that slipping called cam-out,
凸轮专门设计用于阻止侧滑
like hex screws and torx screws.
比如六角螺钉和梅花螺钉
Let’s compare these two types of screw to see how their design came into existence.
我们来对比这两种螺钉来了解他们的设计是如何诞生的
These two screws have the same diameter tool.
这两种螺丝有相同直径的工具
Both have six points of contact between the screw and tool.
在螺丝和工具之间都有六个接触点
However we can see when we rotate our hex tool it contacts the screw at a greater radius.
然而我们可以看到 当我们转动六角扳手时 它接触螺丝钉的半径更大
Allowing it to applying more torque with the same force,
可允许在同样作用力下施加更大的力矩
but the plane of contact is not perpendicular to the screw
但是接触面并不垂直于螺丝
and that means some of the force from the rotation of the screwdriver is being applied outwards radially to the screw.
这就意味着螺丝刀旋转所带来的 部分力是呈放射性的向外施加到螺钉上
This can damage both tools.
这将损坏两种工具
With the torx screwhead the angle of contact is near perpendicular,
梅花螺丝头该接触角几乎是垂直的
meaning it can applied more torque without fear of damaging the screw.
这意味着能施加更大的力矩而不用担心损坏螺丝
But ironically, even though this is a great screwhead design.
但讽刺的是 即使这是一项伟大的螺丝头设计
It was designed to not be used by the general populace.
却不被普通民众使用
It was used in Apple’s first personal computer [2]
它应用于苹果第一台个人电脑
to make it harder for the average guy with a phillips head screwdriver from opening up the machine.
这样一般人用十字螺丝刀打开电脑就更加困难了
But thanks to it’s design,
但多亏了这种设计
Torx screws started proliferating,
梅花螺丝开始大量生产
and more and more people had the correct tool to loosen it.
越来越多的人拥有正确的工具来拆卸它
So someone decided to place a pin in the middle level to make it even harder.
所以就有人决定在中间放一根针从而使它更坚固
Bringing us to an age where our right to repair is questioned
带领我们进入维修权利受到质疑的时代
and many random screw designs have appeared to make it harder for us to take apart our gadgets.
许多胡乱的螺丝设计出现 让我们更难拆卸自己的小玩意
Why? Because screw you that’s why.
为什么 因为困扰你就是原因
If all these nuts are driving you crazy,
如果这些难解的问题正让你抓狂
you might just be a squirrel and being a worldly squirrel
你可能只是一只松鼠甚至是一只世俗的松鼠
you probably want to learn about all the other types of squirrels around the world.
你可能想了解世界上所有其他类型的松鼠
There’s ones with wings, ones with cute little ears and tails.
有长着翅膀的 有长着可爱的小耳朵和尾巴的
Look at this ginger one, class.
看这只黄色的 好经典
If you want to learn more about them.
如果你想更多的了解它们的事
I highly recommend watching this documentary titled “Going Nuts” on curiositystream.
我强烈推荐去curiositystream网站 观看标题为“Going Nuts”的纪录片
It’s a beautifully shot documentary that I really enjoyed.
这是我非常喜爱的一部 拍摄精美的纪录片
For a slightly more on-brand recommendation,
为了更多的支持该品牌的推荐
they also have an exclusive, original documentary series premiering on the 13th of June
他们还在6月13日 推出了一部原创系列的记录片
about the new race to the moon called ‘ Return to the Moon’.
讲述的是 名为“重返月球”的一场新登月竞赛
You can watch them for free, by signing up to curiositystream using the code realengineering,
你可通过code realengineering 注册curiositystream网站来免费观看
or using the link the description.
或使用描述里面的链接
This will give you a month of completely free access to over 2,400 documentaries and nonfiction titles from some of the world’s best filmmakers.
这会让你一个月免费访问2400多部 由世界最顶尖的制片人制作的纪录片和非小说类的图书
After that first free month you can continue your access for just two dollars ninety nine a month.
在首月免费期过后你每月只需2.99美元就可以继续浏览
As usual thanks for watching and thank you to all my Patreon supporters.
一如既往地谢谢观看 也感谢所有赞助支持者
If you would like to see more from me,
如果你想了解更多
the links to my instagram, twitter, discord server and subreddit are below.
下方是我的Ins twitter discord server 和 subreddit 的链接