THE ANIMATED HISTORY OF UKRAINE
乌克兰动画史
Ukraine is located here,
乌克兰坐落在这里
right below Russia and Belarus.
俄罗斯和白俄罗斯的正下方
So, Ukraine is a relatively young country.
乌克兰是一个相对年轻的国家
Like, really young.
成立历史真的十分短暂
Its Declaration of Independence was only ratified in 1991,
它的《独立宣言》在1991年才正式生效
making it roughly the same age as most Millennials.
这让它的年龄与千禧一代相仿
Most of this general region
这一国家的大部分地区
was historically part of either Russia or Poland.
历史上曾是俄罗斯或波兰的领土
It’s very name an old Slavic routes, means borderland,
它的名字在古斯拉夫语里是边境的意思
which illustrates the divided frontier like nature of the land.
意思是根据自然地理划分的边界
So if you haven’t already seen the episode on Russia,
所以如果你没有看过俄罗斯的那集视频
you can click here to catch up to speed.
你可以点击这里来跟上进度
And yes, I will eventually cover Poland,
当然 我最后会讲到波兰的
you can stop asking for now.
你们现在就不用着急问了
Before the creation of the Kievan Rus,
在基辅罗斯出现之前
the Ukrainian steppes for the home of, well steppe people.
乌克兰人一直以草原为家 是彻彻底底的草原人
The general area passed hands many times
这块区域曾多次被
between large and small nomadic tribes.
大大小小的游牧部落轮番接管
The largest and most powerful of which
其中最强大的部落
are occasionally recorded for us by Western European scholars,
偶然被西欧学者所记录下来
who wrote about the dreadful Eastern heathens raiding their land,
其中还写到可怕的东方外族突袭了他们的领土
such as the Huns, Avars and Bulgars.
诸如匈奴人 阿尔瓦人和保加利亚人
If you wanna go back further,
如果你想要追溯得更远
there were the Germanic off settlements before that,
在那之前曾有日耳曼人居住
and Roman before that,
日耳曼人之前有罗马人居住
and Greek before that,
罗马人之前有希腊人居住
and mammoths before that, but hell,
希腊人之前有猛犸象生活 但是见鬼
we’ve got to start somewhere.
我们总得有个开端
All the while, the people, the steppes remain constant.
从始至终 那里的人们和草原就一直存在
Watching raiding and trading with their neighbors
观察乌克兰与邻国间的突袭和贸易往来
just often enough to be no worthy in the ink and paper of the Westerners.
因过于频繁而没有在西方人的书面记载中受到太大关注
The Slavs and the Steppe cultures have competing legends about the precise founding of the Kiev.
斯拉夫人和草原文化对基辅兴建史的准确性存在争议
But historians generally agree
但是历史学家普遍认同
it was an important trade city between many kingdoms and empires.
它是许多王国和帝国之间的重要贸易城市
According to the primary chronicle,
根据主要编年史记载
which is a fancy term for
这是一个精致的术语用来描述
“We’re not totally biased, we promise this happened.”
“我们并非完全有偏见 我们保证这曾发生过”
The city was captured by the Ruhr Kidd dynasty in 882, from the Khazars,
882年 鲁尔基德王朝攻占了这座城市 将其从哈扎尔人手里夺走
formally being annexed into the Kievan Rus.
正式被并入基辅罗斯
The location of the city on a lucrative trade route between the north and the south
这座城市位于连接南北的一条利润丰厚的贸易路线上
enabled it to prosper,
这使得它能够繁荣起来
and make it rain dollar bills in the medieval ruse state.
并从中世纪的混乱状态中大赚了一笔
From 1241, Ukraine was part of the Mongol Empire and the Golden Horde.
从1241年起 乌克兰成为了蒙古帝国和金帐汗国的一部分
But, this was not to last.
但是 这种状态并没有延续下去
Some ambitious Poles and Lithuanians
一些有野心的波勒斯人和立陶宛人
were quietly building the foundations of an empire on the Baltic.
悄悄地在波罗的海为帝国的建立打下了基础
The rise of the polish-lithuanian Commonwealth
波兰-立陶宛共和国联邦的崛起
created a new superpower in the region,
在该区域创造了一个新的强权
driving the Mongols out of the Ukraine from the 14th to 15th centuries,
从14世纪到15世纪间 逐渐将蒙古人驱逐出了乌克兰
because nothing says empire like land grabs,
因为土地掠夺更能彰显出帝国的权势
and the amount they needed was more.
而且他们索要的数量更多
Supposing now to take off our ethnic and nationalistic hats.
假如现在脱下我们种族和民族的帽子
For moments, the Sweeney channel
等一会儿 《斯威尼》频道
would like you to take note of the following disclaimer.
希望你注意到接下来的免责声明
A lot of Ukraine’s history has been influenced
许多乌克兰的历史已经被
by a people called the Cossacks.
一群叫做哥萨克族的人所影响
We don’t know exactly where these people came from,
我们不能确切知道这些人来自哪里
but we do know they formed a distinct ethnic and culture minority.
但我们知道他们形成了一个独特的民族文化群体
For many centuries, the most compelling origins
多个世纪以来 最令人信服的起源
is a likelihood of mixed ancestry between the Slavs and various Mongol and Turkic descendants,
是斯拉夫人 各种蒙古人和突厥人的混血后代
many of whom remain long after the collapse of the Mongol Khanate.
他们中的许多人在蒙古汗国瓦解后仍活了许久
There’s also a theory that the collapse of the Mongol Empire
也有一种理论认为蒙古王国的瓦解
began the process of Jewish migration into Europe,
开启了犹太人移居欧洲的进程
but it’s pretty debatable at this point.
但在此刻看来 这种说法是极具争议的
The Cossacks did briefly win independence from Poland
哥萨克人从波兰赢得了短暂的独立
over annexed by Russia in the following decades.
在之后的几十年里附属于俄罗斯
The people of this region spoke a variety of tongues
这个地区的人会说许多种语言
including Russian, Polish and Ruthenian.
包括俄语 波兰语和鲁塞尼亚语
Ruthenian is a bit of a catch-all term for Rus’ dialects related to Russian
鲁塞尼亚语是基辅罗斯方言的一种通俗术语 且和俄语相关
that were spoken in both Poland and Russia
在波兰和俄罗斯都有人会说这种语言
and heavily influenced by both.
并且受到两者的强烈影响
Some linguists believe it to be a form of proto Lingua Franca,
一些语言学家认为它是原始通用语的一种形式
which gradually formed the Belarusian Ukrainian dialectal continuum.
逐渐演变成统一的白俄罗斯乌克兰方言
However, Ukrainian Belarusian and Russian
然而 乌克兰语 白俄罗斯语和俄语
still carry large degrees of mutual intelligibility today.
到今天仍然具有极大的理解互通性
Some linguists even suggest that
一些语言学家甚至提出
all three may be dialects of the same language.
这三种语言可能都是某种相同语言的方言
But the studies are still debated over.
但是研究结果仍然存在争论
The Russians ban the use of Rossini and dialects in 1804,
1804年 俄罗斯禁止使用罗西尼和方言
but the use of it stayed alive in small communities in Austria-Hungary.
但在奥地利和匈牙利的小群落中依然活跃
The language divide is still evident today,
直到今天 语言鸿沟仍然十分明显
as many parts of eastern Ukraine have a good knowledge of,
正如东乌克兰的许多地方通晓俄语
or speak Russian as their mother tongue.
或者说俄罗斯语 并将其作为他们的母语
As you know from the previous episodes,
如你从先前的视频所知
the modern Ukraine borders became completely part of the Russian Empire,
现代乌克兰的边界完全变成了俄罗斯帝国的一部分
and the later, USSR.
后来是苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟
The nuclear reactor explosion in Chernobyl
切尔诺贝利的核反应堆爆炸
was the worst nuclear disaster in history.
是历史上最严重的核灾难
releasing megatons of radioactive dust into the soil and air.
释放了数百万吨放射性尘埃进入土壤和空气
And we’re not for the brave emergency workers who sealed the leaking reactor,
如果不是勇敢的急救人员密封了正在泄露的反应堆
we might all be walking around with a few extra limbs.
我们可能会带着一些额外的四肢走路
Chernobyl is still a ghost town to this day,
直到今天 切尔诺贝利仍然是一座鬼城
as the radiation leak is still a credible threat to public safety.
因为核泄漏对公众安全仍然是一个确凿的威胁
After the fall of the Soviet Union,
在前苏联解体后
Ukraine became a fully sovereign state for the first time in 1991.
1991年 乌克兰首次成为拥有完整主权的国家
Hooray! The world had a new baby!
万岁！世界有了一个新成员！
And the world opened its arms to the new independent Ukraine,
世界向新独立的乌克兰敞开了双臂
and there was peace and prosperity and,
那里有着和平和繁荣
oh wait, that’s not what happened.
哦 等一下 不是这样的
The modern Ukraine has lived up to its name
现代乌克兰是名副其实的
in its oh-so brief history as a borderland.
只是作为国际边界线的短暂历史
The country is divided along nationalist, linguist and political lines between a Russian East, and Ukrainian West,
它成为民族主义者 语言学家 对俄罗斯东部与乌克兰西部之间划分的政治分界线
because no feud is worse than a family feud,
因为没有什么仇恨比家族仇恨更糟糕
and Ukrainian politics could not decide
乌克兰政坛不能够决定
what relationship they wanted to have with big brother Russia.
他们想要和老大哥俄罗斯保持何种关系
Tensions came to a head during the Russian annexation of Crimea,
在俄罗斯合并克里米亚期间 紧张局势达到顶点
and eastern Ukrainian separatist movement in 2014.
2014年 乌克兰东部的分离主义运动
Because Putin disliked Ukraine’s temper tantrums
因为普京不喜欢乌克兰乱发脾气
and decided to take away her toys,
所以决定夺走它的玩具
the country’s future is somewhat uncertain,
国家的未来稍微有点扑朔迷离
and the conflicts in the East are ongoing.
东部的冲突一直在继续
But the country still sees many tourists each year
但是每年国家仍然有大量的游客
and remains an important geopolitical economic center in Eastern Europe.
并且仍是东欧重要的地缘政治经济中心
Hopefully, it works out for you, Ukraine.
希望乌克兰的这集视频对你有帮助
Love the Sweeny channel!
喜爱《斯威尼》频道！
Thanks for watching, guys!
谢谢大家的观看！
If you enjoyed the episode and want to support more,
如果你喜欢这集视频并想给与更多支持
you can throw a dollar to my way at Patreon,
你可以给我的Patreon平台支持1美元
and I will be much appreciated.
我将感激不尽
If you want to see more of this series,
如果你想要看本系列的更多视频
you can click here for more.
你可以点击这里获取更多
Remember to always be prepared for steppe people.
记得时刻为草原人民做好准备
Until next time.
直到下一次