在之前的拿破仑战争系列视频中
In our previous video on the Napoleonic Wars
我们介绍了第四次反法同盟的开始
we described the beginning of the War of the Fourth Coalition
了解了被认为是第四次反法同盟第一阶段战役
and the twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt
标志的双子战:耶拿-奥厄施泰特战役
that concluded the first phase of the conflict.
战争才刚刚开始 不久拿破仑
The war was just starting and soon Napoleon was tested
就受到来自俄军和残酷严冬的考验
by the new Russian army and a harsh winter.
欢迎收看本期的纪录片：埃劳战役
Welcome to our documentary on the battle of Eylau
1806年10月爆发了第四次反法同盟战
The War of the Fourth Coalition erupted in October of 1806
然而不到一个月 法国皇帝拿破仑
and in less than a month French Emperor Napoleon
就在耶拿-奥尔施塔特战役中 彻底击败普军
Had utterly defeated the Prussian army at the battles
并占领了柏林
of Jena and Auerstedt and occupied Berlin
普军无法抵抗法国大军
The Prussians could not oppose the Grand Army
但尽管威廉三世拒绝和谈
But despite that King Frederick Wilhelm III refused to negotiate
并逃到东普鲁士的哥尼斯堡
and fled to Konigsberg in eastern Prussia
他确定俄国军队很快会来支援他
as he was assured that Russian armies would soon support him.
确实 贝尼格森率领的68000名俄军驻扎在罗德诺
Indeed 68,000 Russians under Bennigsen were in Grodno
巴克索夫登指挥的40000人的大军在来的路上
and a 40,000 strong force commanded by Buxhoeveden was on its way.
拿破仑知道他必须
Napoleon knew that he had to
果断地击败俄军赢得胜利
decisively defeat the Russians to win the war
由于普鲁士的一些据点继续抵抗
But his supply lines were still not secure enough
他的补给线仍不够安全
as some of the Prussian strongholds Continued their resistance
所以11月上旬
so in early November
他派遣达武元帅的军队穿过奥得河
he sent the corps of Marshal Davout across the Oder River
以阻止俄国人设置他们的防线
To prevent the Russians from setting their defensive line man
对法国来说幸运的是 11月8号和9号
Fortunately for the French the main Prussian bastionof Magdeburg fell
占领了马哥德堡的普鲁士堡垒
on November 8th and on the next day
达武进驻波兹南引发了波兰的爱国运动
Davout entered Poznan which triggered a patriotic Polish uprising
波尔人开始与这一地区
The Poles started fighting against the remainder
的普鲁士残余力量作战
of the Prussian forces in the area
同时 马哥德堡的沦陷
At the same time the fall of Magdeburg
让拿破仑渡过奥得河的计划更进一步
allowed Napoleon to move more cause across the Oder
而这迫使本尼格森停下脚步 等待支援
And that forced Bennigsen to stop and wait for his reinforcements
物资的匮乏正阻挡着拿破仑
A lack of supplies was preventing Napoleon
正常的行军步伐
from marching at his usual fast pace
所以他只在12月19日进了华沙城
So he entered Warsaw only on the 19th of December
他仍然试图调动一部分力量
Still he attempted a pincer move
去北边两翼包抄
by moving some of his forces to the north
俄军分散在华沙以北60千米
The Russian troops were spread 60 kilometers to the north
处于奥斯腾堡和戈利明中间
of Warsaw between Pultusk and Golymin
在12月26日 法军从北
On the 26th of December the French attacked from the north,
西 南三面进攻 但是对俄军的包抄失败了
west and south, but failed to encircle the Russian troops
本尼格森组织了一次到比亚韦斯托克的有序撤退
Bennigsen managed an orderly retreat to Bialystok
一个他决定过冬的地方
where he decided to winter
虽然拿破仑希望追击敌人
Although Napoleon hoped to chase the enemy
但冬天太冷 所以他必须
the winter was too harsh, and he also had to
把士兵送回过冬的营地
send his Corps back to their winter cantonments
双方都有获取给养的困难时期
Both armies had a hard time procuring rations
一月中旬 形势变得紧张
By the middle of January the situation became critical
本尼格森开始向旦泽移动
and Bennigsen started moving towards Danzig
旦泽依然为普鲁士所控制 而且有大量补给
It was still controlled by the Prussians and had ample supplies
巧的是 内伊元帅想在1月17日对海尔斯堡
Coincidentally Marshal Ney attempted a raid towards Heilsberg
发动突袭
on the 17th of January
拿破仑很生气 命令内伊返回
Napoleon was furious and ordered Ney to return
内伊服从了命令
the latter complied
与此同时 俄军接近贝尔纳多特元帅的驻地
The same time the Russians reached the position of Bernadotte
并有切断他与法军主力联系的威胁
and threatened to cut him off from the majority of French troops
对他们来讲 这位元帅的反应太快了
The French Marshal was too quick for them
并向南撤退
and retreated to the south at
虽然俄军占领了莫伦根
The Russians caught at Mohrungen
但是贝尔纳多特赢了一场小战役并且成功撤退
but Bernadotte scored a minor victory and successfully withdrew
这一切给了拿破仑一个绝妙的主意
All that gave Napoleon a brilliant idea.
他命令贝尔纳多特和内伊继续撤退
He ordered Bernadotte and Ney to continue their withdrawal
同时 命令奥热罗 苏尔特和达武向北行军
While Augereau, Soult and Davout were commanded to march north.
目标是切断俄军的后路
The goal was to cut the Russian retreat
并给他们来一场大战
and impose a general battle
对于拿破仑而言不幸的是 阴雨天道路难走
Unfortunately for Napoleon, constant rains made the road impassable
而且在1月31号这天
and on the 31st of January
去给贝尔纳多特送信的人被俄军哥萨克人俘虏了
his messenger to Bernadotte was caught by Russian Cossacks,
这让本尼格森知道了拿破仑的计划并后撤了
which allowed Bennigsen to learn of the Emperor’s plans and retreat
二月初 法军有两次机会差不多要追上俄军
French troops almost caught up to the Russians on two occasions in early February,
但本尼格森总能逃掉
but Bennigsen was able to escape,
但是 接下来的撤退就不可能了
However,further retreat was impossible
那样的话 会让法军占领要塞哥尼斯堡
as that would have let the French capture crucial Konigsberg
本尼格森在普鲁士的埃劳小镇停下
Bennigsen stopped at the small town of Preussisch-Eylau, modern day Bagrationovsk in Russia.
他向附近拥有12000军队的莱斯托克
He asked for assistance
寻求了支援
from the 12,000 strong Prussian Corps under L’Estocq that was nearby
拿破仑清楚那里的普鲁士武装力量
Napoleon knew of the Prussian forces in the area,
命令内伊阻止对方与本尼格森汇合
and ordered Ney to prevent them from joining Bennigsen
但是普鲁士人设法避开了内伊
But the Prussians managed to avoid the French Marshal
埃劳战役发生在
The Battle of Eylau took place
1807年2月7日和8日
on the 7th and 8th of February 1807
战役开始时
At the beginning of the battle the Russians had
俄军66000人的大军对抗拿破仑45000人的军队
about 66,000 troops against 45,000 with Napoleon
但是拿破仑知道内伊和达武各自
But the Emperor knew that Ney and Davout each
有15000名士兵在行军途中
with 15,000 soldiers were within marching distance
俄军在武器方面有一个决定性的优势
The Russians had a decided advantage
俄军有450门大炮 而拿破仑只有200门
in artillery with 450 guns against Napoleon’s 200
本尼格森需要时间把他的部队
Bennigsen needed time to set up
部署到埃劳东北方向
his troops to the northeast of Eylau
于是他离开巴拉格季昂指挥的后卫部队
So he left his rearguard under the command
去完成全面部署
of Bagration to cover the deployment
这位俄国将领本可以在一开始击退法军
The Russian general was able to repulse the French initially,
但到了中午 奥热罗和拿破仑卫队加入战斗
but by midday, Augereau and the Imperial Guard joined the battle
巴格拉季昂被迫在法军全面压境下撤退
and Bagration had to retreat under overwhelming French pressure
巴格拉季昂向主力部队方向撤退
Bagration retreated towards the main army
同时巴克利将军对他在埃劳的撤退视而不见
while General Barclay screened his withdrawal in the town of Eylau
这个小镇的布局不适合发起进攻
The layout of the town wasn’t conductive to an attack
巴克利计划好好保卫他的领地直到晚上
and Barclay managed to defend his positions well into the evening
晚上10点 他接到撤退的命令 和本尼格森汇合
By 22:00 hours he was ordered to move back and joined Bennigsen
俄军司令知道并非所有
The Russian commander knew that not all
法国军队都在战场
of the French troops were present，
于是命令部分右翼加强预备队
and ordered part of his right flank to strengthen the reserves,
这使得他的侧翼力量减弱了
which weakened his wing
早晨是由军号开启的
The morning started with an artillery tune
法军正期盼的达武军队
As the French were expecting the arrival of Davout’s
从西南方向到达 苏尔特接到命令
Corps from the southwest, Soult was ordered to
袭击俄军右翼 分散注意力
attack the Russian right and create a diversion
然而俄军阻止了苏尔特 而且达武的先头部队到的时候
However the Russian stopped Soult and when the vanguard of Davout’s forces arrived,
他们被俄军骑兵后卫队拦下了
they were intercepted by the Cavalry Reserve
拿破仑需要时间让达武剩余的士兵加入战斗
Napoleon needed to win time to let the remainder of Davout’s soldiers join the battle,
于是 他命令中央和右翼进攻
so he ordered his center and right to attack
一场暴风雪开始了 阻碍了奥热罗带领的
A blizzard started and blinded the center
法国中央军的视线
of the French army led by Augereau
能见度太低了 导致法国大炮错误地对准了
Visibility was so limited that the French artillery mistakenly bombarded Augereau,
正向俄军炮营前进的奥热罗
who walked right into the Russian artillery battery
超过5000名法军在中间地带死亡
More than 5,000 French died in the centre without
他们根本没有接触到俄军的防线
reaching the Russian lines while the French right didn’t
同时法国右翼部队没有对俄国左翼造成太大伤害
do much damage to the Russian left
本尼格森用骑兵对圣希莱尔带领的法国右翼进行了反击
Bennigsen counterattacked against the French right led by Saint-Hilaire
迫使他停下行军步伐
with his cavalry and forced it to stop its advance
当他的步兵团向法国中央军移动时
While his infantry moved against the French Center,
奥热罗的剩余部队进行抵抗
which was defended by what was left of Augereau’s Corps,
然而 拿破仑还有护卫队可供调遣
However,Napoleon still had his Guard to send in
步兵团加入中央军 阻挡了敌人的前进
While the infantry units joined the center, stopping the enemy advance
卫队的骑兵从后方袭击了俄军
The cavalry portion of the Guard attached the Russians from the erea
俄军这部分主力被歼灭
and the majority of this column was destroyed
法军同样有更多的预备骑兵
The French also had more as cavalry in reserve.
他们接到命令反击
And it was ordered to counter-attack.
这队右翼骑兵向正与圣希莱尔指挥的部队
The right wing of these units attacked the
交战的俄军骑兵进攻 并击溃了他们
Russian cavalry fighting Saint-Hilaire’s right flank and scattered them
缪拉和圣希莱尔的部队继续前进
Murat and Saint-Hilaire continued their movement and
虽然步兵团被拦截了
although the infantry was stopped
但他们的骑兵部队冲散了跟前俄军的每只部队并接近俄军预备队
their cavalry charge dispersed every Russian unit in front of it and reached the reserves
此时战场上 达武余下的部队抵达 袭击了俄军左翼
At this point in the battle Davout’s remaining troops arrived and attacked the Russian left
同时苏尔特 奥热罗 缪拉和卫队守住各自的阵脚
And while Soult, Augereau, Murat and the guard held their positions,
在圣莱西尔的帮助下 达武把俄军打回去了
Davout supported by Saint-Hilaire pushed the Russians back
下午3:30 俄军左路和左路中心与其他部队成九十度角
And by 15:30 the Russian left and left center who almost at a 90-degree angle to the rest of the forces
对本尼格森而言幸运的是
Luckily for Bennigsen 9,000 Prussians commanded
9000名由拉伊斯拓克领导的普鲁士军队抵达战场 解救了被困的俄军左翼部队
by L’Estocq entered the battle and joined the beleaguered Russian left
普军从右侧袭击达武并慢慢把他推远
The Prussians attacked Davout from the right and slowly pushed him away
到晚上7点 达武被迫后撤 并在卡其顿村和昂科拉彭村之间设防
By 19:00 hours Davout had to retreat and set a line between the villages of Kutschitten and Anklappen
此时内伊的部队
Around that time Ney’s Corps,
应该阻挡莱斯托克加入战场
which was supposed to stop L’Estocq entered the fray.
他的部队向俄军的最右翼前进
His forces moved against the extreme right of the Russian troops
但本尼格森用剩余的骑兵部队拦住了他
But Bennigsen used the remainder of his cavalry to intercept them
战斗持续到晚上10点 此时双方都筋疲力尽
The battle continued until 22:00 hours at which point the sides disengaged
双方各损失至少15000名士兵
Both armies lost at least 15,000 troops,
可能拿破仑军队伤亡更多
and it is possible that Napoleon’s army suffered more casualties
尽管如此 晚上11点 本尼格森命令撤退
Despite that at 23:00 Bennigsen ordered a retreat
法军无力追击敌人了
The French were in no shape to chase the enemy
虽然战场属于拿破仑 但很明显
And although the battlefield belonged to Napoleon it was clear
那是他军事生涯第一次
that for the first time in his career
败了一场决定性的战役
he had failed to win a decisive battle
埃劳战役说明
Eylau indicated that the War
第四次反法同盟远未结束
of the Fourth coalition was far from over
感谢收看我们的纪录片：埃劳战役
Thanks for watching our Documentary on the Battle of Eylau
两周之内 拿破仑将指挥军队
In two weeks Napoleon will be back to command his troops
进行弗里兰德战役
at the Battle of Friedland
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