[Intro]
[简介]
[Intro]
[简介]
[Intro]
[简介]
I’m here at the Schweikher House,
我目前所在的地方是施威克宅邸
designed by Paul Schweihker in 1937,
它是保罗•施威克于1937年
for him and his wife to live.
为自己和妻子设计的住宅
It’s located in Schaumburg Illinois,
房子坐落于伊利诺伊州的绍姆堡
and it was also the place of his office,
这里也是他的办公室
until 1953,
一直到1953年
when he moved to be the director of the architecture school at Yale University.
那年他调职担任耶鲁大学建筑学院院长
I’m standing in what was the main bedroom of the house,
我现在站的地方是这栋房子的主卧
a space with a wooden floor,
里面铺着木质地板
windows on one side of the room, and closets on the other.
一面是窗户 另一面是衣柜
In addition to its unique spatial composition,
除了独一无二的空间构造外
it deploys a host of very clever techniques
还采用了许多非常巧妙的工艺
to maintain comfort in this room all year round,
使房间一年四季都非常舒适
with minimal need for mechanical methods of heating, cooling, or moving air.
不太需要机器来供热 制冷或促进空气流通
You see these windows, they face south,
你看 这些窗户朝南
the direction of the sun that shines here at noon,
这是这里中午阳光照进来的方向
and in the rest of the northern hemisphere.
也是北半球其他地方阳光照入的方向
The overhang over there
那边的房檐
serves as a shading device that is perfectly sized,
起着遮阳的作用 尺寸设计完美
so that the summer sun never ever enters the space,
所以夏天的烈日根本不会照到这里
it keeps it shaded and cool in here.
房间内可以一直保持阴凉
And then above the closets on the north side of the room
而房间北侧衣柜的上方
are a set of transom windows.
是一排气窗
Then during the summer months, the warm air rises through the space,
在夏季的几个月里 热气在屋内上升
and is ushered out through those windows.
通过这些气窗排出去
This maintains airflow and draws cooler air into the space,
这能维持空气流通并带入更凉爽的空气
helping keep the occupants comfortable.
从而让居住者始终感觉舒适
But during the winter where we are now,
但在我们现在所处的冬季
the depth of the room is carefully calibrated,
房间深度是经过仔细标定的
so that the sun reaches all the way back
因此 在中午 阳光又一直延伸回来
into the full extent of the room at noon.
照到整个房间
It just so happens that
原因在于
the angle formed between that back corner and the tip of the overhang,
这后面的角和房檐边形成的角度
is exactly 24 and a half degrees,
正好是24.5度
the height of the sun at noon in Chicago on the winter solstice.
也就是芝加哥冬至日正午太阳的高度
As night falls,
当夜幕降临
the floor because of a property called thermal mass, cools slowly,
一种叫蓄热体的材料使地板缓慢冷却
so once it’s warm it stays warm,
所以一旦地板变暖就会一直保持温暖
and releases its heat throughout the evening.
并且会整晚散发热量
Thermal mass is like a temperature battery
蓄热体就像一个温度电池
storing energy for periods of time,
可以储存一段时间的能量
slowly released as the temperature around it changes.
随着周围温度的变化而缓慢释放
This is what’s called a direct gain passive solar system,
这就所说的直接增益被动式太阳能系统
where openings and overhangs
房子的开口和房檐的位置设计
they’re positioned so that it lets in winter sun, while blocking the summer sun.
允许冬日暖阳照进来而阻挡夏天的烈日
Elevated operable openings on the other side of the building,
在建筑另一侧稍高处可操作的开口
allow warm air to rise and draw in air from the outside.
能让热空气上升并从外部吸入空气
One of the other clever engineering tricks in this house
这所房子的另一个巧妙的工程技巧
has to do with this grate down here.
与这下面的格栅有关
And so the cold air from over here, sinks down through this grate
来自这里的冷空气通过这个格栅下沉
and helps to push the warm air through this side,
帮助推动热空气从这边
over into the other side and up into the room.
进入另一边 然后向上进入房间
The sun is the earth’s energy source
太阳是地球的能量来源
providing us with heat and light
为我们提供光和热
in amounts that can vary wildly on a daily basis,
来自太阳的光和热的数量每天变化很大
but whose effects can be predicted, harnessed, and controlled through architecture.
但其影响可以通过建筑来预测 利用和控制
A building’s relationship to the sun
建筑与太阳的关系
is a controlling factor for its design at almost every level,
几乎是每一层设计的控制因素
dictating where buildings go, their orientation, their openings,
决定了建筑的位置 朝向 开口
and even where certain activities can most optimally occur.
甚至某些活动的最佳位置
Aeschylus wrote:
埃斯库罗斯曾写道：
“Only primitives and barbarians
“只有原始人和野蛮人
lack knowledge of houses turned to face the Winter sun.”
才不知道房子要朝向冬日阳光”
While it might be a little harsh,
虽然这可能有点苛刻
it does underscore the fact
但这的确强调了一个事实
that a building’s relationship to the sun
即建筑与太阳的关系
has been a crucial or even a primary factor in building design
从古希腊开始 就一直是建筑设计的关键
even since the ancient Greeks.
甚至是主要因素
Most ancient monuments even
大多数古迹甚至
bear some important relationships to the sun,
与太阳有一些重要的关系
relating to and marking certain positions
与太阳在一年中特定时间的特定位置有关
that it takes in the sky at certain times of the year.
并且是对特定位置的标记
The Romans also sought to harness this knowledge
罗马人也曾试图利用这一知识
by using glass window coverings to capture and trap solar heat
通过使用玻璃窗罩来捕获并存储太阳热量
to warm homes, baths,
为家庭 浴室
and greenhouses for growing plants and food,
和种植植物和食物的温室提供温暖
or with technologies like the Heliocaminus,
或者使用像日光室这样的技术
a sort of Roman solar furnace,
日光室是一种罗马太阳能炉
it was a separate space within the building
是建筑内部的一个独立空间
where solar heat could be trapped and then distributed.
可以储存并分配太阳热量
This is an example of an isolated gain system
这就是一个独立增益系统的例子
which uses convection to help heat and cool.
它通过气体对流进行供热和制冷
Winter sun hits an absorber
冬天太阳照射到吸收器上
which then heats the air,
然后吸收器加热空气
hot air rises and shifts to the living space,
热空气上升并转移到生活空间
dropping as it’s cooled,
空气冷却后下降
and forced back into the sun space
并被推回到处理太阳能量的空间
where it is then heated again.
在那里再次被加热
In the summer sun hot air is directed outside
夏天 吸收了太阳热量的空气被引到室外
creating a vacuum within the home,
住宅内部形成“真空”状态
increasing air circulation and a fresh breeze.
从而促进空气循环并带来清新的微风
These strategies are all passive solar strategies
这些策略都是被动式太阳能策略
which use the sun’s energy for the heating and cooling of living spaces
通过暴露在太阳下来利用太阳能
through exposure to the sun.
为生活空间加热和降温
The passive part means that it’s not photovoltaic
被动式意味着它不是通过光伏
or other technological solar power,
或其他技术利用太阳能
rather through the orientation of the building,
而是利用建筑的朝向
the positioning of openings and overhangs and then material properties,
房屋开口和房檐的位置以及材料属性
the building’s design is dictated in such a way
建筑就是以这样的方式进行设计
that it stays warmer in the winter, and then cooler in the summer.
来让房间保持冬暖夏凉
The third kind of passive solar system is an indirect gain system,
第三种被动式太阳能系统是间接增益系统
which has a unique arrangement
其构造独特
that uses glass and massive materials like stone or brick
使用玻璃和大量的石头或砖等材料
that are layered on the sun-facing wall.
通过层层堆叠建成面向太阳的墙壁
The mass takes a long time to heat up,
这些材料升温需要很长时间
and then releases that heat slowly.
然后缓慢地释放热量
So during the day it heats in the warm winter sun,
冬季日间 它在温暖的阳光下加热
then warms the space on the other side during the evening hours.
然后在晚上温暖另一边的空间
While some of these types of passive solar strategies
虽然其中一些被动式太阳能技术
have been around for centuries,
已经存在了几个世纪
the concept or the term solar home was not yet around
但在1937年设计这座房子时
when this house was designed in 1937.
太阳能住宅的概念或术语还没有出现
Instead this was a time when there was a lot of active experimentation
但在这个时期有很多
around how the sun and buildings interacted,
关于太阳和建筑如何相互作用的积极实验
primitive forms of air conditioning were being experimented with.
当时有实验用到了原始形式的空调
But at the same time, smart solutions for harnessing the sun
但与此同时 利用太阳的智能解决方案
were seen as prudent financial investments coming off of the great depression.
被视为摆脱经济大萧条的审慎金融投资
The architect of this house, Paul Schweikher,
这座房子的建筑师是保罗•施威克
he conducted a series of solar experiments only a few years earlier
就在几年前 他和建筑师乔治·凯克
with the architect named George Keck,
进行了一系列太阳能实验
who also set out to harness the sun and architecture.
凯克也在着手利用太阳和建筑的关系
But again, this came before the idea of the solar home
但这也是在太阳能住宅的想法出现之前
which is pretty well understood today,
甚至是在这个概念被构想出来之前
is before that concept was even conceived.
这一概念目前已很好理解了
But I wanted to learn more,
但我想了解更多
so I traveled to visit an exhibition
所以我去参观了伊利诺伊州
in nearby Elmhurst Illinois,
埃尔姆赫斯特附近的一个展览
to check out how solar homes actually develop.
看看太阳能住宅到底是如何发展的
Welcome to The Houses of Tomorrow Exhibition.
欢迎来到“明日之屋”展览
The first glass house in America by George Fred Keck
美国的第一个玻璃房子是由乔治·弗雷德·凯克
was designed for the 1933 World’s Fair.
为1933年世界博览会设计的
It was designed specifically to showcase
这座房子是专门为展示
the inventions and possibilities of the solar research
他当时正在进行的太阳能研究的发明
that he was conducting at the time.
和可能性而设计的
The house sat among other exhibits
除了这座房子外 还有其他
that looked optimistically toward the future,
让未来看起来美好的展品
with aerodynamic cars and trains
有空气动力汽车 火车
and other technological and design triumphs.
以及其他技术和设计上的成就
The House of Tomorrow was a complete experiment,
“明日之屋”是一个完整的实验
they didn’t know which things would take off, literally.
他们确实不知道哪些东西能成功
There was a hangar for an airplane,
那有一个飞机机库
and they didn’t know which ones would not work at all.
但他们不知道哪些根本用不了
Although we don’t have airplane hangers
虽然我们自己家里
in our own personal homes,
没有飞机机库
we do have a lot of other innovations
但我们确实有很多其他的创新
that were shown there for the very first time,
第一次在那里展示
including air conditioning
包括空调
which was very essential for this all glass building in the summer.
空调对夏天的全玻璃建筑来说非常重要
In addition to that early air conditioning system,
除了早期的空调系统
it featured the first GE dishwasher
它还配备了通用电气的第一台洗碗机
and a video doorbell among some of the other technologies,
和视频门铃等技术
and also features a large ten-sided glass space
还有一个巨大的十面玻璃空间
that performed in a very extreme way.
其呈现方式非常奇特
The story goes that it was winter time,
故事发生在冬天
and they took off their coats and were just working there in their shirt sleeves
他们脱下外套只穿着衬衫工作
because it was so hot in that building already.
因为大楼里已经很热了
The architect Keck continued in his research
建筑师凯克继续他的研究
and utilized diagrams that look very familiar to us today,
并使用了我们今天看起来非常熟悉的图表
in order to shape the designs at buildings to take full advantage of the sun.
目的是塑造建筑设计以便充分利用阳光
They also were able to measure
他们还能测量出
how much energy they were saving in the winter.
在冬天节约了多少能源
If you bought this home, you might be able to save
如果你买了这个房子有可能
30% of your energy cost.
节省30%的能源成本
And it turns out that here is where the term solar home develop,
事实证明 这就是太阳能住宅这个术语的由来
it was written about a Keck home in the Chicago Tribune
它曾出现在《芝加哥论坛报》对凯克住宅的报道中
and then adopted as a marketing term to brand these houses
然后作为一个营销术语来推广这些
that utilize the sun to help keep their homes warm in the winter.
利用太阳让室内在冬天保持温暖的房屋
It turns out that the term solar house was actually invented
事实证明 太阳能住宅这个术语实际上是
by William Keck and the developer of this house here,
由威廉·凯克和这个房子的开发商发明的
it was designed to sell houses.
最初是用来卖房子的
He invited people to come to this house
他邀请人们在隆冬阳光明媚的时候
in the middle of winter when it was sunny
来到这所房子
to tell people look our heat’s not on
告诉人们暖气没开
and you feel it come through the windows.
但你能感觉到热气从窗户进来
It was picked up as a term by glass companies to sell more glass.
玻璃公司用这一术语销售更多的玻璃
I also found information that was directly related to the Paul Schweikher House.
我还找到了与保罗·施威克宅邸直接相关的信息
This diagram was made about a year before the Schweikher House was designed,
这张图是在施威克宅邸设计前一年制作的
and it describes the exact condition that’s at play in the solar bedroom.
它描述了太阳能卧室的具体情况
A lot of the homes that Keck would go on to design for clients
凯克后来为客户设计的很多房子
and then even this house that we’re in today,
甚至是我们现在所在的这座房子
would be called mid-century modern these days.
在今天都被称为世纪中期现代主义风格
But these houses are in fact
但事实上这些房子
a few decades before that style of house would even develop.
比那种风格的房子出现还要早几十年
Instead these are the precursors to what would be solidified into a coherent style
相反 这些房屋是后来的房屋的前身
later on through their proliferation.
这种房子越来越多 导致风格固化
And I find it pretty fascinating how these developed,
我发现这些房子的发展过程非常有趣
because at the time these homes were designed,
因为在设计这些房子之时
there were all sorts of experiments that were going on.
还进行了各种各样的实验
On one side, you have the recognizable spatial and experiential experiments
一方面 有可识别的空间实验和体验性实验
that include how rooms are arranged
包括房间是如何安排的
or how one circulates through
以及人们在所有这些类型的房子中
and maintain visual connections through all these kinds of houses.
怎样穿梭和保持视觉联系
And then we’re all pretty familiar with how these look
我们都很熟悉这些房子的样子
and we might be able to recognize a mid-century modern home today.
现在我们或许能认出世纪中叶现代化住宅
But there’s also this more technical set of experiments
但也有一些更具技术性的实验
that are a little bit more hidden or a little more difficult to recognize,
这些实验更隐蔽或者更难以识别
but they were just as important to the formation of this kind of architecture.
但它们对这种建筑的构造同样重要
Today we have solar homes which are touted for their technical mastery,
如今我们有了被认为技术精湛的太阳能住宅
but often this is discussed in isolation
但我们往往不谈论
from some of the other spatial or aesthetic aspects of architecture.
太阳能住宅的其他空间或美学方面
It goes to show that there are a lot of factors that go into designing a home,
这表明设计一个住宅需要考虑很多因素
the sun being just one of them.
太阳只是其中之一
Maybe your home wasn’t conceived around these ideals,
也许你家并不是围绕这些理念构思的
but there are things that you can do to take advantage of these principles.
但你可以利用这些原则做点什么
The Elmhurst Art Museum has a resource of solar solutions
埃尔姆赫斯特艺术博物馆有太阳能解决方案资源
that I will link to in the video description,
我将在本视频描述中放上链接
it also has all kinds of information including tips and techniques,
还有各种各样的信息 包括技巧和工艺
associations and groups that you might want to join,
以及你可能想加入的协会和团体
trackers and calculators of potential savings and more.
或者潜在节约成本的追踪和计算系统等
It’s a great central reference for anyone interested in getting into the subject
对于任何对太阳如何影响建筑感兴趣的人来说
of how the sun shapes our buildings.
这是一个很好的主要参考
What are some of your favorite buildings that
你最喜欢的结合了被动式
incorporate some passive solar techniques?
太阳能技术的建筑有哪些？
Tell us about it in the comment section below.
请在下面的评论区告诉我们
If you enjoyed this video, please consider hitting that like button
如果你喜欢这个视频 请点赞
and maybe subscribe to the channel if you’re digging it.
如果你喜欢 可以订阅我们的频道
We’ll fill your feed with videos
我们将在每周四
exploring the fascinating world of buildings and their design
为您推送探索迷人的建筑世界
every week on thursdays.
及其设计的新视频
Until then also check out some of these other videos while you wait,
在此之前 您也可以边等待边看其他视频
see you over there.
我们下次再见
[Outro]
[结尾]