This video is made possible by CuriosityStream and Nebula.
本期视频由CuriosityStream和Nebula赞助
This is Singapore – the second smallest nation in Asia.
这是新加坡——亚洲第二最小国
But despite its size Singapore is known globally as
但是不论大小 新加坡是全球公认的
a leading, innovative metropolis.
领先创新都市
A global financial hub that is home to one of the most important ports in the world,
尽管面临着阻碍国家发展的巨大挑战
and it has become all this despite massive challenges
新加坡还是排除万难 成为全球金融中心
that could have prevented the country’s development-
并建立起世界上最重要的港口之一
In this speech by former Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew,
1971年 前总理李光耀
made in 1971 just six years into Singapore’s independence,
庆祝新加坡独立六周年的讲话时表示
he hints that there is something deeper at the heart of how Singapore achieves progress.
新加坡取得的进步还有更深层次的东西
“But of course, everybody knows that
“当然 每个人都知道
Singapore is a very well-endowed place.”
新加坡是个得天独厚之地”
“Good infrastructure, communication, sea, air,
“良好的基础设施 通讯 海洋 天空
land, good banking system, skilled workers.
陆地 良好的银行系统 熟练的工人
Oh, it’s just, natural course of events.
自然而然促成了新加坡的发展
It wasn’t you know, we made it so.”
其实不然 我们为新加坡带来繁荣”
Today, we will look at what he means with that.
今天 我们来解读一下他的话
Understanding how the country innovates as well as why.
了解国家如何革新以及为什么革新
– Intro music –
– 开场音乐 –
To understand how Singapore managed to thrive despite the limitations that a city-state faces
要了解新加坡如何在面对限制时成功发展
we need to take a look at how this nation came to be.
我们需要来看看这个国家是怎样形成的
From 1819 to 1963, with the exception of a few years during world war two,
从1819到1963年 除了二战期间几年
Singapore was under British rule.
新加坡作为殖民地受英国统治
The colony served as a key trading hub within the region,
充当区域内的关键贸易枢纽
receiving goods from the West
接收来自西方的货物
while also exporting raw materials sourced throughout Southeast Asia including rubber and tin.
同时出口东南亚的橡胶和锡等原材料
Therefore, from very early on – the transshipment port transformed Singapore
因此从很早起 新加坡作为货物中转港
into a multicultural location,
开始多元化发展
attracting British and European traders
吸引了英国欧洲的商人
laborers and merchants from throughout Asia.
以及整个亚洲的工人和批发商的目光
In 1959, when the British granted Singapore the right of full internal self-government,
1959年 英国授予新加坡完全内部自治的权利
the People’s Action Party, or PAP, led by Lee Kuan Yew, was elected into power.
李光耀领导的人民行动党当选执政
His party desired to increase the country’s standard of living by providing better jobs,
他的党派渴望通过为居民提供更好的工作
housing, medical care, and education to its residents.
住房 医疗护理和教育来提高国家的生活标准
To achieve these goals and secure Singapore’s independence from the British,
为了实现目标 并确保新加坡脱离英国独立
in 1963 the PAP led Singapore into a merger with the Federation
1963年 人民行动党领导新加坡与马来西亚联邦
of Malaya as well as the Crown colonies of North Borneo and Sarawak,
以及皇家殖民地北婆罗洲和沙捞越合并
to form Malaysia.
成立马来西亚
However, Singapore’s place in this unified state was short-lived.
然而 新加坡仅仅短暂地合并到这个统一国家
Just two years after merging, Singapore was expelled from Malaysia
短短两年后 新加坡因为经济和政治分歧
due to economic and political disagreements.
被马来西亚除名
And Lee Kuan Yew’s disappointment following Singapore’s exit was captured on live TV:
新加坡退出后 电视直播了李光耀的沮丧：
“You see, the whole of my adult life,
“在我整个成年生活中
I had believed in Malaysian merger.”
我都相信马来西亚合并会带来繁荣
Singapore was left as an independent nation,
新加坡是在一个失败的梦想的基础上
founded on the back of a failed dream.
建立起来的一个独立国家
During this period, the country’s prospects were bleak and countless challenges arose.
在此期间 国家前景黯淡 面临无数挑战
With the failed merger and already contentious trade relations in the region,
随着合并失败 区域内贸易关系受到绯议
the new city-state’s trade-reliant economy was considerably weakened.
这个新生国家依赖的贸易经济体系被极大削弱
At the same time, the British expedited their withdrawal from Singapore,
同时 英国加速撤离新加坡
closing their military bases throughout the country,
关闭全国所有军事基地
which further escalated the preexisting unemployment crisis.
进一步加剧了已有的失业危机
“20% of our economy is based on expenditure from military bases and personnel .
“我们经济的20%来自军事基地花销和人员经费
And if we get that run down
如果这个数字下降
I have straight away 40,000 unemployed on the social welfare relief payroll .
我马上就有4万失业人员领取社会福利救济
and we don’t want that.”
我们不想那样”
The British exit also meant that Singapore lost its military defense capabilities.
英国退出也意味着新加坡失去了它的军事防御能力
And on top of this, racial tensions and riots throughout the 60s
除此之外 整个60年代的种族矛盾暴乱
made developing a unified Singapore an even tougher task.
让建立统一的新加坡成为更加艰巨的任务
The republic of Singapore was vulnerable.
新加坡共和国是脆弱的
For many in Singapore, the top priority was mere survival.
对新加坡的许多人来说 生存才是首要的
This survivalist mindset has come to define Singapore’s economic,
这种生存主义心态已经影响了新加坡的
political and social systems.
经济 政治 社会体系
Lee kuan Yew and his party
李光耀和他的政党
evoked Singapore’s weaknesses to justify their monopoly on power.
利用新加坡的弱点以合理化他们的独权
as well as to crack down on political dissidents and critics in the media.
以及镇压政见者和媒体批评人
However, with that power,
然而 凭着这股力量
the Singaporean government set forth to create a united and prosperous country,
新加坡政府通过发展国家资本主义和干涉主义制度
developing a state-capitalist and interventionist system to do so.
着手创建一个统一繁荣的国家
Singapore’s state-capitalist system is supported by statutory boards.
新加坡的资本主义体系得到法定机构支持
These autonomous statutory boards provide infrastructure and social services.
这些独立的法定机构提供基础设施和社会服务
For instance, since 1960, Singapore’s Housing and Development Board, HDB,
例如从1960以后 新加坡的建屋局
has transformed the city-state’s housing situation.
已经改变了国家的住房情况
In the early years of independence, the HDB focused on housing the 550,000 Singaporeans,
独立后的早年间 建屋局着力于安置55万新加坡人
just over a quarter of the population,
估计超过四分之一的人口
that were estimated to live in squatter-like settlements.
住在类似棚户区的安置点
Since then, the HDB, along with the Urban Redevelopment Authority established in 1974,
此后 建屋局和市区重建局同时在1974年成立
have together developed 23 new towns and 3 estates throughout Singapore.
在新加坡共开发了 23个新城镇和3个地产项目
The city’s housing crisis was greatly alleviated through these two statutory boards;
这两个法定机构大大减轻了国家的住房危机
while 1960 only 9% of the population lived the public housing,
1960年 仅9%的人口住在组屋
this rose to 80% by 1985,
到1985年 上升到了80%
where it remains today.
并一直保持到今天
The Economic Development Board initiated in 1961
1961年建立的经济发展局
has restructured and diversified the city’s industries,
将国家的工业进行了重组 并使其多元化
reshaping Singapore into a global city.
把新加坡改造成一个全球化国家
In the 70s, the EDB developed manufacturing capabilities in textiles,
70年代 经济发展局开发纺织
garments and electronics,
服装和电子产品的制造能力
while also starting to attract foreign direct investment into the country.
同时也开始引进外国直接投资
As a small island nation, Singapore’s industrial development necessitated more land,
作为一个小岛国 新加坡的工业发展需要更多土地
which was reclaimed on the island’s edges.
填海造地
Industrial activities were concentrated in the Jurong region,
工业活动集中在裕廊区域
which in the early 2000s expanded to include the reclaimed Jurong Island.
21世纪初 该地区扩大到包括填海造的裕廊岛
To date there are dozens of statutory boards that have improved Singapore’s infrastructure,
至今 已有几十个法定机构改善了新加坡的基础
health, public transport, insurance and other services.
设施 卫生 公共交通 保险和其他服务
Yet, along with these statutory boards,
除了这些法定机构
Singapore’s economic growth has also relied on fully and partially state-owned enterprises
新加坡的经济增长还依赖于完全或部分国有企业
called Government-linked Corporations, GLCs.
这些企业被称为政府关联企业
In the early 1970s, the Singaporean government, through GLCs,
70年代初期 新加坡政府经由政府关联公司
was responsible for 85% full output in the iron and steel industry
占据钢铁工业总产量的85%
and 67.8% in the shipbuilding and repair sector,
以及造船业和维修行业的67.8%
with additional investments in food, timber and chemicals.
在食品 木材和化工产品上额外投资
All in all, by the mid 1980s the Singaporean government owned 87 companies,
到80年代中期 新加坡共有87家公司
and as some of these, such as Temasek Holdings and Government of Singapore Investment Corporation
其中一些 比如淡马锡控股和新加坡政府投资公司
managed several enterprises themselves,
自己管理几家企业
the government was linked to just over 400 different companies.
政府关联着400多家不同的公司
In the following decades, the Singaporean government engaged in limited privatization,
在接下来几十年里 新加坡政府参与有限私有化
releasing their monopoly on certain industries that were already flourishing.
放开了对某些已繁荣工业的垄断
This not only created the conditions for the private sector and foreign corporations to invest in Singapore’s economy,
这不仅为私营部门和外企投资新加坡经济创造条件
but also enabled the government to shift their focus and invest in under-developed sectors.
也能让政府转移焦点 投资不发达行业
The country was able to move away from manufacturing garments and basic electronics
国家能够摆脱制造服装和基础电子产品
and instead move towards becoming a leading global supplier of financial services,
转而成为引领全球的金融服务
sustainable technology, and biomedical services.
可持续技术和生物医学服务供应商
Over the course of a few decades,
过去几十年里
the Singaporean government strategically used its state-capitalist system to invest in the country’s success,
新加坡政府战略性利用其资本主义体系为国家的成功投资
pushing the economic profile to evolve and fit into an ever globalizing world.
推动经济发展 适应不断全球化的世界
Essentially, The small island-nation with a population of less than 6 million people as of today,
本质上 这个至今人口不足六百万的
is embedding itself into global network.
小岛国正在融入全球网络
May it be in global trade, with the Port of Singapore,
也许在全球贸易中
which is the world’s busiest transshipment port,
和世上最繁忙的转运港新加坡港合作
or in other economic sectors, such as financial services.
或许是在金融服务等其他经济领域
The government invests in emerging industries using a state capitalist approach
政府用国家资本主义方式投资新兴产业
adjusting its economy based on global transformations.
根据全球转型调整经济
In 1972, the Former Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore S. Rajaratnam
1972年 新加坡的前副总理拉惹勒南
talks about this approach:
谈论这个资本主义方式：
“an independent Singapore survives and will survive
“独立的新加坡存在着且会继续存在
because it has established a relationship of interdependence
因为它在快速扩张的全球经济体系中
in the rapidly expanding global economic system.”
建立了互相依赖关系”
Today, Singapore’s Temasek Holdings and GIC
目前 新加坡的淡马锡持股和政府关联企业
are amongst the largest Sovereign Wealth Funds in the world,
位列世界上最大的主权基金中
together holding over a trillion US Dollars in assets.
共计持有一亿美元的资产
But although Singapore has prospered by becoming an international hub,
尽管新加坡通过成为国际枢纽而繁荣
this approach has also opened the country up to international vulnerabilities.
这个方式也暴露了它的国际脆弱性
One such vulnerability is that of climate change.
其中一个脆弱性是气候变化
The Singapore Green Plan 2030,
《2030年新加坡绿色发展蓝图》
recognizes the threat climate change poses on Singapore’s survival.
认识到气候变化对新加坡的生存造成的威胁
Besides facing the threat of sea level rise,
此外还面对海平面上升的威胁
as an island nation,
作为一个岛国
Singapore imports roughly 90% of its food.
新加坡约90%的食物要靠进口
And the nation relies on bilateral agreements,
这个国家依赖双边协议
such as with the Malaysian State of Johor, for its water supply.
比如和马来西亚柔佛州的供水协议
Treated water is pumped from the Johor River towards Singapore,
处理过的水从柔佛州被抽入新加坡
with pipelines running along the causeway that connects both countries.
管道沿着连接两个国家的堤道运行
Facing this dependency on outside states for the necessities of life,
面对这种外部国家生活必需品的依赖
as well as fluctuating temperatures that produce food and water scarcity globally,
和造成全球性食物和水短缺的温度波动
the Singaporean government has ramped up the development of smart and
新加坡政府已经以自给自足的名义
sustainable technologies in the name of self-sufficiency.
加快了智能和可持续技术的发展
Following the world’s first commercial vertical farm that opened in Singapore in 2012,
2012年 世上首个商业垂直农场在新加坡开业
the Singapore Food Agency has implemented a 30 by 30 target
新加坡粮食署已经完成了一个30-30的目标
to produce 30% of nutritional needs locally by 2030.
到2030年 生产本地营养需求的30%
The Public Utilities Board has also increased the country’s water security,
公共事业局也提高了国家水资源安全
developing NEWater in the early 2000s,
在21世纪初期开发新生水
which is a pioneering water recycling technology.
这是一种首创水循环利用技术
They hope that water recycling, along with water desalination facilities throughout the country,
他们希望水循环使用和全国海水淡化设备
will sustain Singapore, eventually meeting 85% of water demand.
能供养新加坡 最终满足85%的水需求
Singapore’s government-led expansion into sustainable and smart technology
新加坡政府主导的向可持续和智能技术方面扩张
is driven by need.
是受需求驱动的
And currently there are a number of projects that are being developed.
当前有许多项目正在开发
Today, the country has one single landfill, located on its own island.
现在 国家只有自己岛上的一个垃圾场
But this landfill is expected to be at capacity by 2035.
但该垃圾填埋场预计到2035年将达到容量上限
Singapore’s National Environment Agency is developing more waste-to-energy facilities,
新加坡国家环境署在开发更多垃圾发电设备
including Tuas Nexus
包括Tuas Nexus
an integrated water and solid waste treatment facility planned from the ground up.
一个从头开始计划的水和固体废物综合处理设备
In line with the country’s goals for a car-lite future,
根据国家未来减少用车的目标
the Housing and Development Board is constructing Tengah,
建屋局正在建设登加
Singapore’s first car-free town centre full of green space and urban farming.
新加坡首个无车市中心 充满了绿地和都市农耕
After establishing itself as a global city
新加坡政府在独立的头几十年里
in the first few decades of independence,
建立了自己的全球化城市
the Singaporean government is now trying to utilize its growing local resilience against threats
现在正试着用它日益增长的应对气候变化等威胁的能力
such as climate change to reassert itself as a global leader.
来确立自己的全球领导地位
The government is an active investor in many companies
政府积极投资了许多公司
and has established statutory boards with wide responsibilities.
并建立了职责广泛的法定机构
Often these state interventions are justified by the stark warnings
通常 这些国家干预是建立在
about the country’s vulnerabilities.
国家安全受到严重威胁的情况
At the same time, the question arises to what extent the narrative of vulnerability
同时 国家安全性的范围这一问题
is also used to consolidate the power of the People’s Action Party,
被用来巩固人民行动党权力
which has ruled the country since independence.
自独立后 人民行动党一直统治着国家
As a nation that transforms vulnerabilities into opportunities,
作为一个把弱点变为机遇的国家
one can also wonder what other weaknesses the government will identify
人们也会想知道政府会发现其他什么弱点
to justify its power and direct the country’s growth.
来证明它的力量并指导国家的发展
The question also arises to what extent Singapore’s successful concepts
新加坡的成功理念也已经达到
can serve as models for other regions.
可以作为其他区域典范的程度
On this subject, Polymatter has produced a number of really outstanding videos
就这个主题 polymatter已经创作了许多优秀的视频
in which he takes a close look at how Singapore has solved health care and housing.
视频里 他仔细观察新加坡是如何解决医疗和住房问题的
Many of his videos can be found with an extended version on Nebula,
由我和其他许多教育创作者创建的流媒体平台
the streaming platform created by me and a number of other educational creators.
在上面 可以找到他许多视频的扩展版
And, I recently uploaded my first Nebula Original:
我最近上传了我首个Nebula原创：
The Unknown City,
未知的城市
a 3D short film about global displacement and refugees.
一部关于全球被迫迁徙逃难的3D短片
Nebula allows me to create bigger projects like this
Nebula让我创作像这样更大的主题
and to upload extended cuts of many of my videos,
上传我许多视频的扩展片段
because I don’t have to tailor everything to the YouTube algorithm.
因为我不必再为YouTube限制
And what makes Nebula even better is the fact that it comes in a bundle with CuriosityStream.
可以与CuriosityStream绑定 让Nebula更有优势
Which is the place for high quality documentaries on the internet,
这是网上播放高质量纪录片的地方
such as Singapore’s Field of Dreams.
如新加坡的《梦幻之地》
A documentary about the construction of Singapore’s National Stadium,
一部关于新加坡国家体育场建设的纪录片
which features the world’s largest retractable domed roof.
它以世界上最大的可伸缩穹顶为特色
So, not only will you get more content from me and other creators on Nebula,
你不仅能通过我和平台上其他创作者了解更多内容
but also access to thousands of titles on CuriosityStream,
如果你在CuriosityStream官网上注册
all for less than 15 bucks a year,
一年不到15美元
if you sign up on CuriosityStream.com/neo.
还可以观看其中上万个视频