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[INTRO♪]
狗或许是人类最好的朋友
Dogs may be man’s best friend,
但是很难说这种感觉是两厢情愿的
but it’s hard to tell if the feeling is mutual.
想知道别人脑子里想什么很困难
It’s tough to figure out what’s goingon in anyone’s head,
更不用说一个不会说话的物种
let alone a species that can’t talk.
不过 现在已有技术能让研究者们
But there are techniques researchers use to look
发现动物的情绪
for emotions in animals,
研究表明 狗会和人形成深厚的情感联系
and studies suggest that dogs do form deep emotional bonds with people.
或许 它们能够做到这些
And their ability to do that might be
就是它们率先成为了人最好的朋友的原因
why they became our best friends in the first place.
汪星人会做一些很有爱的举动
Dogs certainly do things that seem loving,
不仅仅是在长椅上
and not just when they snuggle up to you
依偎在你身边
on the couch for some extra pets.
研究发现 你的狗会在背后支持你 比如
Research suggests that your dog has your back,for example,
它们会对斥责你的人”恶语相向”
and will snub those who snub you.
如果 在你悲伤的时候
And if it seems
你的狗狗看上去在努力地安慰你
like your pup tries to console you when you’re sad,
这可能并不只是你的想象
that might not be your imagination.
在研究中 狗狗们的确表现出了同感的关怀
In studies, they do seem to display empatheticconcern,
当人啜泣的时候 它们会轻轻蹭你
like nuzzling a person when they’re sobbing,
听到小婴儿哭闹的时候 会表现出焦虑
or becoming anxious at the sound of an infant crying.
汪星人也能只靠嗅觉
Dogs are also able to distinguish
就能区别人的不同情绪
among human emotions by smell alone
因为当我们的情绪会改变汗液中的化学物质
because how we feel changes the chemicalsin our sweat.
所以就算你强颜欢笑
So even if you ’ re putting on a brave face,
它们也能察觉到你的悲伤
they probably still know you’re sad.
不过 这些本身并不是爱
But none of that is love, per se.
为了找寻更多情绪方面的证据 研究者们观察到
To find evidence for emotions, researchershave looked to see
当我们感受事物的时候 是否狗狗们也表现出同样的生理反应
if dogs exhibit the same physiological responses we do when we feel things.
例如 2015年的一项研究 应用了fMRI
For example, a 2015 study used fMRI,
这种能够监测基于血流效应的大脑活动的设备
which monitors brain activity based on blood flow,
来观察12只狗
to look at how 12 dogs
如何对它们自己 认识的人 陌生人 以及
reacted to the smell of themselves,
熟悉和不熟悉的狗身上的气味做出反应
people they knew, strangers, and familiarand unfamiliar dogs.
它们认识的人的气味会激活
The scent of people they knew activated an area
大脑中的一块区域 而其他气味则不会
of the brain that the other smells didn ’ t:
这块区域就是尾状核 与大脑的奖励系统是同一部位
the caudate nucleus, the same part of thebrain’s reward system
人类看到自己所爱之人的图片时也会有同样的反应
that activates when we humans look at pictures of people we love.
其他研究则研究了催产素的水平
Other lines of research have looked at oxytocin levels.
催产素 有时被称为“爱情荷尔蒙”
Oxytocin is sometimes called the ‘love hormone,’
这个词非常简洁地概括了
which is a major oversimplification
这种物质影响你的身体和大脑的方式
of how it affects your body and brain,
但似乎它在创造和保持情感联结上
but it does seem to play a big part
也有相当重要的作用
in creating and maintaining emotional bonds.
当你与你爱的人互动时
And when you interact with people you love
比如 你抱着你的宝宝 或是与伴侣调情时
like when you hold your baby, or flirt with your partner
你的血液和唾液中的催产素水平飞增
the levels of oxytocin in your blood and salivajump.
研究表明 你和狗狗玩耍时
Studies have found that there’s a
你们各自的催产素
similar rise when you play with your dog,
也都会有同等水平的增长
for both you and them,
而且 仅仅四目相对
and that just gazing into each other’s eyes
就足以引起双方体内催产素的飙升
can be enough to cause a mutual spike.
但是 这也不是说你的狗狗爱你
But that doesn’t necessarily mean that yourdog loves you
或是说你爱你的狗狗
or that you love your dog.
心理学家很快注意到
Psychologists are quick to note
生理上的测试很难证明感情的存在
that it ’ s impossible to prove emotions with physiological tests.
甚至是人与人之间的 血液测试并不等同于感觉
Even with people, blood tests don’t equalfeelings.
你可以问那些人是否爱你
You can ask if someone loves you,
可是并没有实验室结果能够证明
but there’s no lab result
他们在说爱你时表达的是不是真实情感
that can tell you if they mean it when they say yes.
所以 这么多对狗狗感情的了解与
So a lot of our understanding of dogs’ emotionscomes from
研究人的情感用的是一样的技术方法
the same techniques used in studies on emotionsin humans
尤其是那些不能用语言传达情感的人 比如婴儿
especially humans that can’t convey theirfeelings verbally, like babies.
心理学家通过寻找某些关键行为来研究婴儿的依恋情结
Psychologists study infant attachment by lookingfor certain key behaviors:
比如寻求与看护人之间身体上的亲密接触
things like seeking physical closeness withtheir caregivers,
当看护人在附近时会表现得更活泼好动
becoming more adventurous when they’re nearby,
如果分开了 则会痛苦
and being distressed when they’re separated.
同时 多项研究也发现
And multiple studies have found that the bond
汪星人与铲屎官之间的连结
between dogs and their owners
与儿童和看护人之间的连结极为相似
is super similar to the bond between childrenand their caregivers.
举例来说 宝宝和狗狗们
For example, both babies and
都做了陌生情景测验
dogs have done Strange Situation Procedure tests,
测验中 你可以看到
where you watch them
当他们被单独留在一个房间里
while they ’ re left in a room either alone,
与陌生人 或是与父母或主人时
with a stranger, with their parent or owner,
或是和一些人其他的组合
or with some other combination of people.
当宝宝和狗狗们
And while both babies and dogs
寻求与他们的人肢体上的亲密接触时
seek physical closeness with their person,
他们也会表现出更加独立
they also tend to display more independence by
比如探索或是对陌生人做出更积极的反应 如果他们的看护者在旁边
exploring or reacting more positively to strangers when their caregiver is around.
这或许是因为 他们的看护者
That’s probably because their caregiver acts
起着安全后盾的作用
as a safe base of support,
给了他们冒险时的安全感
giving them the security they need to takerisks.
当婴儿和狗狗所依恋的人不在时
Both babies and dogs also tend
都会表现出心烦意乱
to get distraught when their person leaves
而当主人或监护人回来时 他们就会寻求更多的安慰
and seek comfort from them when they return,
就像寻求能减轻压力的避风港一样
suggesting they’re a kind of “safe haven”that reduces stress.
这样的研究甚至揭示了狗狗们不同类型的依恋
Studies like these have even revealed differentattachment styles in dogs,
这和人与父母之间联系有多种多样相似
similar to what ’ s been described for how people bond with their parents.
也就是说 婴儿和狗狗们在与
It makes sense that babies and dogs have similar types
喂养他们的人之间的联系上是相似的
of bonds with those that raise them.
狗狗也是群居物种 在它们小时候
Dogs are a social species, too, and when they’reyoung,
它们完全依赖照顾者 无论是谁
they rely entirely on whomever cares for themto survive.
科学家认为在人类社会中
Scientists think that in humans,
这种依赖是构成我们强大社会联系的一部分
that reliance is part of why we form such strong social bonds.
所以 如果狗狗在巩固社会关系时
So it wouldn ’ t be too surprising
与人类有着相似的心理经过 这也没什么太惊讶的
if dogs have similar psychological pathways to reinforce their own social bonds.
而有一些研究者们认为 它们形成这些联系的能力
And some researchers think their ability toform these bonds
尤其是这种跨物种的联系
especially across species, is a big part
是它们最终成为人类好伙伴的重要原因
of why they ended up being our companions.
它们与人类的结合意义深远
They connect with us in a way we find meaningful.
所以 科学已经解释了 你的狗与你紧密相连
So the science does suggest that your dog is deeply attached to you.
但是联系并不一定会转变为爱
But attachment doesn’t necessarily translateto love.
心理学家仍在为爱是否能被衡量争论不休
Psychologists still debate whether love canbe measured,
如果非人的动物能够感知到它
if non-human animals are cognitively capable of feeling it,
甚至能认识到爱是什么
or even what love really is.
科学会告诉你 当你与狗狗互动时
Science can tell you that certain chemicalsspike
某些化学物质的飙增 展示了他们之间的依恋关系的强度
when your dog interacts with you, and show the strength of their attachment.
但是那是否真的意味着你的狗爱你
But whether that really means your dog loves
依旧是个科学无法完全解答的问题
you is a question science can’t fully answer.
你只能看着它们又大又圆的眼睛
You’ll just have to look into those big round eyes,
挠挠它们的耳朵
scratch an ear,
自己判断吧
and decide for yourself.
“心理科学秀”由Complexly出品
SciShow Psych is a production of Complexly,
带给你超过12个频道
which brings you over a dozen channels,
比如“The Financial Diet”
like The Financial Diet.
由来自TFD的Chelsea主讲更多知识
Here’s Chelsea, from TFD to talk more about it.
如果你想学到更多
-If you want to learn more
关于作为人如何为人处世的知识
about how to be a person in the world
让人生艰难的部分不那么可怕
and make the tough parts of adulthood notso scary,
请看The Financial Diet
you should check out The Financial Diet,
心理科学秀的姐妹频道
on of SciShow Psych’s sister channels.
我们聊一聊钱 从如何省钱
We talk about money, everything from how to save it,
到如何花钱的所有技巧
to how to spend it,
以及钱多烧手时该怎么做
to what to do when you owe a lot of it,
因为 尽管你不想考虑钱的事
because even though you don’t want to think about money,
如果你能很好处理它 生活会好得多
life is so much better when you know how to handle it.
点击描述中的链接
So check out The Financial Diet at the link in the description.
我们会在那里见面的
See you there!
［结尾］
[OUTRO♪]