埃及超现实主义
简明介绍
Cairo, Egypt 1938
埃及开罗 1938年
A group of 37 women and men
一个由37人构成的团体
including artists, writers and thinkers
包括艺术家 作家和思想家
signed a manifesto titled
签署了一份宣言
“Long live degenerate art!”
名为“堕落艺术万岁”
“We stand absolutely as one with the so-called degenerate art
“我们誓要与所谓的堕落艺术并肩
denounced by Hitler’s Nazi party”, they declared.
受希特勒纳粹党所谴责”他们宣称道
“The works of these artists are actually the product of the ultimate
“这些艺术家的作品实际上是
in freedom, strength and human feeling.
自由 力量和人类情感的极致产物
Art must be free from the artificial boundaries created by politicians”
艺术必须摆脱政客们人为划定的界限”
This manifesto marked the start of the group known as Art and Liberty.
这份宣言标志着“艺术与自由”团体的创始
They were furious with the injustices in Europe as well as at home.
他们对欧洲和国内的不公平现象感到愤怒
The Egyptian government under British political influence
在英国政治影响下的埃及政府
supported thousands of foreign soldiers stationed in Cairo
支持驻扎在开罗的数千名外国士兵
but did nothing for Egyptian citizens living in poverty.
但对生活在贫困中的埃及公民却无所作为
Art and Liberty watched the gap between the rich and the poor grow larger and larger.
该团体眼看着穷人与富人间的差距日益增大
It was time to speak out,
认为是时候发声了
and surrealism was their voice.
超现实主义就是他们的呼声
Art and Liberty used surrealism to rebel against
“艺术与自由”用超现实主义反抗
the Establishment who suppressed freedom in the name of tradition and rationality.
以传统和理性之名压制自由的守旧派
They made works that were challenging to look at
他们创作的作品看起来具有挑战性
and rejected political propaganda.
而且拒绝政治宣传
When the Egyptian government tried to promote
当埃及政府试图将
heroic images of ancient pharaohs as a symbol of national power,
古代法老的英雄形象作为国家力量的象征时
photographer Ida Kar turned this idea on its heads
摄影师艾达·卡尔颠覆了这个想法
and made pharaohs look like ordinary objects.
并让法老们看起来像普通的物品一样
Surrealism also expressed Art and Liberty’s anger
超现实主义也表达了该团体对
about social and economic inequality.
社会和经济不平等的愤怒
The painter Mayo used shapes and forms to represent
画家梅奥用形状和结构
violence and police brutality
来表现暴力和警察的暴行
while Inji Efflatoun and AmyNimr painted
印吉·安福里涂恩和艾米·尼米尔
trapped, twisted or transformed bodies
用被困 扭曲和变形的身体
to highlight the suffering of women forced into sex work by war and poverty.
突出了女性因战争和贫困被迫从事性工作的痛苦
But the surrealist art created by Art and Liberty
但该团体中所塑造的超现实主义画作
was not identical to the art created in Europe.
和欧洲的作品不一样
To address the problems in Egypt required a unique
画家拉姆西斯·尤南认为解决埃及的问题
type of Egyptian surrealism argued the painter Ramses Younan.
需要一种独特的埃及超现实主义
He called it “subjectiverealism”
他称之为“主观现实主义”
While European surrealism was divided between exploring the symbolic
欧洲超现实主义分为两种 一种是探索象征主义
like Salvador Dali’s dream-like landscapes
比如萨尔瓦多·达利的梦幻风景画
or revealing the unconscious
另一种是揭示潜意识
like Joan Miro’s automatic paintings
比如琼·米罗的自动绘画
Subjective Realism brought the two together
主观现实主义将两者结合在一起
and allowed Egyptian surrealists
让埃及超现实主义者
to delve into their unconscious
深入研究他们的潜意识
as well as Egyptian symbols, landscapes and culture.
以及埃及符号 景观和文化
Art and Liberty quickly found supporters
通过生活在开罗 并与英国和欧洲
in the international surrealism movements
都有联系的美国摄影师李·米勒等人
through the likes of the American photographer Lee Miller
“艺术与自由”团体很快在
who was living in Cairo and had connections to England and Europe.
国际超现实主义运动中找到了支持者
she circulated writings from aboard
米勒在国外传播作品
and witnessed the development of Egyptian surrealism.
见证了欧洲超现实主义的发展
Art and Liberty continued until 1948
“艺术与自由”一直持续到1948年
and by that time, they were one part in a huge global
那时他们已经是庞大的超现实主义网络的一部分
and still-growing network of surrealists
而且还在发展壮大
Until now the most famous surrealist artists have all been European.
目前为止最著名的超现实主义艺术家都是欧洲人
But in reality surrealism united artists across the world
但实际上超现实主义将世界各地的艺术家团结起来
In cities like Tokyo, Havana and Mexico City,
在东京 哈瓦那 墨西哥等城市
artists were using surrealist ideas to challenge the establishment and authorities
艺术家们用超现实主义关于如何生活
on how to live, think and make art.
思考与艺术创作的观点 来挑战权威
Like Art and Liberty in Cairo,
比如开罗的“艺术与自由”团体
they were doing surrealism in their own way.
就在以自己的方式践行超现实主义