I’ve been living in rural East Africa for about 10 years,
我在东非乡村生活了差不多10年
and I want to share a field perspective with you on global poverty.
想和大家分享一个关于全球贫困的实地观察
I believe that the greatest failure of the human race
我认为人类最大的失败
is the fact that we’ve left more than one billion of our members behind.
是我们把十多亿我们的同类
Hungry, extreme poverty:
置于饥饿和极端贫穷于不顾
these often seem like gigantic, insurmountable problems,
这些问题看上去太过庞大
too big to solve.
以至于无法克服或解决
But as a field practitioner,
但是作为一个专业人士
I believe these are actually very solvable problems
我相信这些都是可以解决的问题
if we just take the right strategies.
只需我们采取正确的策略
Archimedes was an ancient Greek thinker,
阿基米德是古希腊的思想家
and he taught us that if we lean on the right levers,
他教会我们 如果用对杠杆的话
we can move the world.
我们可以撬动整个地球
In the fight against extreme poverty, I believe there are three powerful levers
在对抗极端贫困的战斗中 我认为有三种可以依靠的
that we can lean on.
有力杠杆
This talk is all about those levers, and why they make poverty
这场演讲都是关于这些杠杆以及
a winnable fight in our lifetimes.
为什么它们能够使得我们在有生之年获得胜利
What is extreme poverty?
什么是极度贫困？
When I first moved to rural East Africa,
当我刚到东非乡村的时候
I stayed overnight with a farm family.
在一个农民家庭里住了一晚
They were wonderful people.
他们都是很好的人
They invited me into their home. We sang songs together
他们邀请我去他们家 我们一起唱歌
and ate a simple dinner.
吃了一顿简单的饭
They gave me a blanket to sleep on the floor.
他们给了我一条毛毯让我睡在地板上
In the morning, however, there was nothing to eat.
然而到了早上 什么吃的都没有
And then at lunchtime, I watched with an increasingly sick feeling
到了午餐时间 当我看到家里的大女儿
as the eldest girl in the family cooked porridge as a substitute for lunch.
煮了一些粥来代替午饭 我感到非常难受
For that meal, every child drank one cup to survive.
那一餐 为了生存每一个孩子都喝了一杯
And I cannot tell you how ashamed I felt
我无法告诉你当他们递给我其中一杯的时候
when they handed one of those cups to me,
我感到多么的羞愧
and I knew I had to accept their hospitality.
我知道我不得不接受他们的款待
Children need food not only to survive but also to grow physically and mentally.
孩子们需要食物不仅是为了生存也是为了心理和生理上的成长
Every day they fail to eat, they lose a little bit of their future.
他们每挨一次饿就失去了一点自己的未来
Amongst the extreme poor, one in three children
每三个孩子中就有一个处于极度贫困
are permanently stunted from a lifetime of not eating enough.
吃不饱永远的阻碍了他人生的发展
When that’s combined with poor access to health care,
贫穷带来的医疗资源短缺
one in 10 extremely poor children die before they reach age five.
使得十分之一的孩子在5岁之前夭折
And only one quarter of children complete high school
仅仅只有四分之一的孩子完成了高中学业
because they lack school fees.
因为他们没有学费继续深造
Hunger and extreme poverty curb human potential in every possible way.
饥饿和极度贫困以各种方式潜在地抑制住了人们
We see ourselves as a thinking, feeling and moral human race,
我们自认为是有思想 有同情心 有道德的人类
but until we solve these problems for all of our members,
除非我们为自己的同胞解决了这些问题
we fail that standard,
否则我们就达不到那个自认为的标准
because every person on this planet matters.
因为这个星球上的每个人都重要
This child matters.
这个孩子重要
These children matter.
这些孩子都重要
This girl matters.
这个女孩重要
You know, we see things like this,
你知道 当我们看到这些事情的时候
and we’re upset by them,
我们为他们感到难过
but they seem like such big problems.
我们意识到了问题的严重性
We don’t know how to take effective action.
但是我们不知道如何有效的解决
But remember our friend Archimedes.
但是请记住我们的朋友阿基米德
Global poverty has powerful levers.
解决全球贫困有一个有力的杠杆
It’s a problem like any other.
与其它问题无异
I live and work in the field, and as a practitioner,
我在这一块地区生活和工作并且作为在这一领域的专业人员
I believe these are very solvable problems.
我相信这些问题都可以解决
So for the next 10 minutes,
所以在接下来的十分钟里
let’s not be sad about the state of the world.
让我们停止悲伤 哀叹这个世界现在的情形
Let’s engage our brains.
让我们开动大脑
Let’s engage our collective passion for problem-solving
凝聚我们的热情来思考解决问题的方法
and figure out what those levers are.
找出这些杠杆
Lever number one: most of the world’s poor are farmers.
第一个杠杆：大多数贫困人口都是农民
Think about how extraordinary this is.
想想看这有多么不寻常
If this picture represents the world’s poor,
如果这张图代表了世界范围内的穷人
then more than half engage in farming as a major source of income.
那么这中间有超过一半儿的人从事农业 他们的主要收入来自耕种
This gets me really excited.
这一发现让我很振奋
All of these people, one profession.
所有的这些人来自同一个职业
Think how powerful this is.
想想这是多么的有力
When farmers become more productive, then more than half the world’s poor
如果农民的生产力提高 那么世界上贫困人口中就有
earn more money and climb out of poverty.
一半以上的人获得更多的钱并且脱离贫困
And it gets better.
更好的是
The product of farming is, of course, food.
农作物 当然是粮食
So when farmers become more productive, they earn more food,
因此当农民变得多产 他们就会获得更多食物
and they don’t just help themselves,
他们不仅喂饱自己
but they help to feed healthy communities and thriving economies.
还有助于社会的健康发展和经济的繁荣昌盛
And when farmers become more productive, they reduce environmental pressure.
当农民变得多产的时候他们减少了对环境的压力
We only have two ways we can feed the world:
解决全球粮食问题只有两种办法：
we can either make our existing farmland a lot more productive,
要么极大提升现有耕种土地的出产率
or we can clear cut forest and savannah to make more farmland,
要么伐木逐原 创造更多的耕地
which would be environmentally disastrous.
这对环境来说是极大的破坏
Farmers are basically a really important leverage point.
农民可以说是最重要最根本的杠杆支点
When farmers become more productive,
当农民的生产力提高
they earn more income, they climb out of poverty,
收入也随之提高 他们就可以脱离贫穷
they feed their communities and they reduce environmental land pressure.
他们不仅养活了自己的社区 还减少了土地压力
Farmers stand at the center of the world.
农民们站在世界的中心
And not a farmer like this one,
然而没有农民像这样
but rather this lady.
而是像这位女士一样
Most of the farmers I know are actually women.
事实上我认识的大部分农民都是女性
Look at the strength and the will radiating from this woman.
看她身上的力量 和传递出的意志
She is physically strong, mentally tough,
她身体强壮 精神顽强
and she will do whatever it takes to earn a better life for her children.
为了让孩子生活的更好她可以做任何事情
If we’re going to put the future of humanity in one person’s hands,
如果我们把人类的未来放到这样一个人的手里
then I’m really glad it’s her.
那么我很高兴这个人是她
(Applause)
（掌声）
There’s just one problem:
还有一个问题是：
many smallholder farmers lack access to basic tools and knowledge.
许多小佃户农无法获得基本的工具和知识
Currently, they take a little bit of saved food grain from the prior year,
目前 他们从上一年的存粮里拿出一点
they plant it in the ground and they till it with a manual hand hoe.
并把它种在土地里 这一切都是用手工锄头完成的
These are tools and techniques that date to the Bronze Age,
这些都是青铜器时代的工具和技术
and it’s why many farmers are still very poor.
这就是为什么许多农民到现在仍然很穷
But good news, again.
但是好消息是
Lever number two:
我们有第二个杠杆：
humanity actually solved the problem of agricultural poverty a century ago.
实际上早在一个世纪以前人类就已经解决了农业贫困问题
Let me walk you through the three most basic factors in farming.
让我们来简单回顾一下农业中的三个基本元素
First, hybrid seed is created when you cross two seeds together.
第一 当你把两种种子结合在一起的时候杂交种子就发明了
If you naturally pollinate a high-yielding variety
如果你把高产品种
together with a drought-resistant variety,
和抗旱品种进行杂交并自然授粉
you get a hybrid that inherits positive traits from both of its parents.
你将会得到一个继承了双方优势的杂交品种
Next, conventional fertilizer, if used responsibly,
然后是传统肥料 如果以负责任的态度使用的话
is environmentally sustainable.
自然环境是可以承受的
If you micro-dose just a pinch of fertilizer
即便只是捏一小撮肥料
to a plant that’s taller than I am,
洒在比我还高的植物上
you unlock enormous yield gain.
将会得到巨大的产量
These are known as farm inputs.
这被叫做 农业投入
Farm inputs need to be combined with good practice.
农业投入需要与良好的实践相结合
When you space your seeds and plant with massive amounts of compost,
当你播种或种植之后使用大量的堆肥
farmers multiply their harvests.
农作物的产量就会倍增
These proven tools and practices have more than tripled
这些有效的工具和实践能使农作物产量翻三倍
agricultural productivity in every major region of the world,
在世界的每一个主要地区
moving mass numbers of people out of poverty.
使得大量的人口脱离贫困
We just haven’t finished delivering these things to everybody just yet,
我们仅仅是没有把这些知识传递给所有人
particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa.
特别是非洲撒哈拉沙漠以南
So overall, this is amazing news.
总的来说 这是个好消息
Humanity actually solved agricultural poverty a century ago,
事实上 人类在一个世纪前就解决了农业贫困
in theory.
不过是理论上的
We just haven’t delivered these things to everybody just yet.
我们只是没有把这些东西传递给所有人
In this century, the reason that people remain poor
本世纪中 那些人们还处在贫困中的
is because maybe they live in remote places.
也许是因为他们居住在闭塞的地区
They lack access to these things.
他们缺少获得这些东西的渠道
Therefore, ending poverty is simply a matter
因此摆脱贫困仅仅是一件
of delivering proven goods and services to people.
给他人传递优质东西和服务的事情
We don’t need more genius types right now.
我们现在不需要天才
The humble delivery guy is going to end global poverty in our lifetime.
一个谦虚的递送员会在我们有生之年终结全球贫困
So these are the three levers,
所以这就是三个杠杆
and the most powerful lever is simply delivery.
最有力量的杠杆仅仅是传递
Wherever the world’s companies, governments and nonprofits
无论是公司 政府 还是慈善组织
set up delivery networks for life-improving goods,
只要为改善生活的东西建立起传送网
we eliminate poverty.
我们就可以消灭贫穷
OK, so that sounds really nice in theory,
好吧 理论上听起来不错
but what about in practice?
但是实践起来呢？
What do these delivery networks look like?
这些传送网长什么样呢？
I want to share the concrete example that I know best,
我想分享一个我最了解的具体案例
my organization, One Acre Fund.
我的组织 一英亩基金会
We only serve the farmer,
我们只为农民服务
and our job is to provide her with the tools that she needs to succeed.
我们的工作是向她提供所需的工具
We start off by delivering farm inputs to really rural places.
最开始 我们向那些真正贫穷的乡村输送农业物资
Now, this may appear initially very challenging,
一眼看上去可能非常具有挑战性
but it’s pretty possible. Let me show you.
但可行性非常高 我来展示给你们看
We buy farm inputs with the combined power of our farmer network,
我们通过自己的农民网站购买农业投入物资
and store it in 20 warehouses like this.
并把他们储存在20个像这样的仓库里
Then, during input delivery, we rent hundreds of 10-ton trucks
为了运输物资我们租用上百辆10吨载重量的卡车
and send them out to where farmers are waiting in the field.
把它们送到在地里等着的农民们的手里
They then get their individual orders and walk it home to their farms.
农民拿到了各自的订单到了之后将其带回自家的农场里
It’s kind of like Amazon for rural farmers.
感觉就像是乡村农民的亚马逊快递
Importantly, realistic delivery also includes finance, a way to pay.
重要的是 实际传递还包括付费方式
Farmers pay us little by little over time, covering most of our expenses.
随后农民一点一点支付给我们大多数费用
And then we surround all that with training.
然后这笔费用被我们用来投入培训
Our rural field officers deliver practical, hands-on training
我们的农村办事员手把手 实际有效地培训
to farmers in the field
当地农民
every two weeks.
每两周一次
Wherever we deliver our services, farmers use these tools
我们提供服务的地方 农民都用这些工具
to climb out of poverty.
来脱离贫穷
This is a farmer in our program, Consolata.
这就是我们项目中其中一个农民 康索拉达
Look at the pride on her face.
看她脸上那自豪的表情
She has achieved a modest prosperity that I believe is the human right
她已经小有成就 我认为这是世界上
of every hardworking person on the planet.
所有辛勤劳动的人民应得的
Today, I’m proud to say that we’re serving about 400,000 farmers like Consolata.
今天我很骄傲地告诉大家我们正在为四十多万像康索拉达这样的农民服务
(Applause)
（掌声）
The key to doing this is scalable delivery.
做到这点的关键 是有效传递
In any given area, we hire a rural field officer
在每一个指定地区 我们都雇用一名田间办事员
who delivers our services to 200 farmers, on average,
把我们的服务传给平均两百多位农民
with more than 1,000 people living in those families.
这200名农民的家人总数超过1000人
Today, we have 2,000 of these rural field officers
今天 我们有2000名这样的田间办事员
growing very quickly.
并且还在不断增多
This is our delivery army,
这是我们的传送军队
and we’re just one organization.
而我们只是其中一个组织
There are many companies, governments and nonprofits
还有很多公司 政府和一些非盈利性组织
that have delivery armies just like this.
它们都有像这样的传递 ‘武器’
And I believe we stand at a moment in time
并且我相信我们在处的一个共同的时代
where collectively, we are capable of delivering farm services to all farmers.
我们有能力把这些农业服务传递给所有的农民
Let me show you how possible this is.
让我向你们展示这个可能性
This is a map of Sub-Saharan Africa,
这是非洲撒哈拉以南的地图
with a map of the United States for scale.
以及等比例的美国地图
I chose Sub-Saharan Africa because this is a huge delivery territory.
我选择非洲撒哈拉以南是因为这是一个巨大的运送范围
It’s very challenging.
它非常具有挑战性
But we analyzed every 50-mile by 50-mile block on the continent,
但是我们按照每50英里划分出一个区域进行分析
and we found that half of farmers live in just these shaded regions.
我们发现一半的农民都住在这三块阴影地区
That’s a remarkably small area overall.
总体上来说这是一块非常引人注目的小地区
If you were to lay these boxes next to each other
如果把这些区域一个挨一个地
within a map of the United States,
摆在美国地图上
they would only cover the Eastern United States.
他们仅仅覆盖了美国东部地区
You can order pizza anywhere in this territory
如果你可以在这片地区范围内的任何地方叫披萨外卖
and it’ll arrive to your house hot, fresh and delicious.
我都可以带着烫的新鲜的美味的披萨到达你的房子
If America can deliver pizza to an area of this size,
如果美国可以在这样大的区域里送披萨
then Africa’s companies, governments and non-profits
那么非洲的公司 政府和非盈利组织
can deliver farm services to all of her farmers.
也可以向所有的农民运送农业服务
This is possible.
这是可能的
I’m going to wrap up by generalizing beyond just farming.
我将要致力于把它推广到更大的范围而不仅仅是农业
In every field of human development,
在人类发展的每个领域
humanity has already invented effective tools to end poverty.
人类都发明了各种有效工具来终结贫穷
We just need to deliver them.
我们仅仅是需要传递它们
So again, in every area of human development,
再说一次 在人类发展的每一个领域
super-smart people a long time ago invented inexpensive,
那些极其聪明的人在很久之前就发明了廉价的
highly effective tools.
高效的工具
Humanity is armed to the teeth
人们全副武装
with simple, effective solutions to poverty.
有个种简单有效的方法来解决贫困
We just need to deliver these to a pretty small area.
我们仅仅是需要把这些传递到一个非常偏远的地区
Again using the map of Sub-Saharan Africa as an example,
再以这张非洲撒哈拉以南的地图为例
remember that rural poverty is concentrated in these blue shaded areas.
请记住 农村贫困被集中到这些蓝色阴影地区
Urban poverty is even more concentrated, in these green little dots.
城市贫困甚至更加集中于这些绿色的小斑点
Again, using a map of the United States for scale,
在拿等比例的美国地图来看
this is what I would call a highly achievable delivery zone.
我把这样大小的区域称为 可高度覆盖的运送地区
In fact, for the first time in human history,
实际上这是人类有史以来第一次
we have a vast amount of delivery infrastructure available to us.
拥有如此大的交通运输基础设施可供我们使用
The world’s companies, governments and non-profits
世界范围的公司 政府和非盈利性组织
have delivery armies that are fully capable
都有足够的运送 ‘武器’
of covering this relatively small area.
完全能够覆盖这样相当小的地区
We just lack the will.
我们只是缺少决心
If we are willing,
如果我们愿意
every one of us has a role to play.
我们中的每一个人都可以扮演一个角色
We first need more people to pursue careers in human development,
首先我们需要更多的人去追随人类发展的事业
especially if you live in a developing nation.
尤其是生活在发展中国家的人
We need more front line health workers, teachers, farmer trainers,
我们需要更多的冲在前线的工人 教师 农民培训员
sales agents for life-improving goods.
和提升生活产品的销售人员
These are the delivery people that dedicate their careers
这些传送者愿意将自己的事业奉献于
to improving the lives of others.
提高他人生活水平
But we also need a lot of support roles.
但是我们仍然需要许多的支持角色
These are roles available at just my organization alone,
这些仅仅是在我的组织中的不同分工的支持者
and we’re just one out of many.
然而我们只是众多组织之一
This may surprise you, but no matter what your technical specialty,
你也许不相信 但无论你拥有何种技术
there is a role for you in this fight.
在这场斗争中仍然有你的角色
And no matter how logistically possible it is to end poverty,
无论在逻辑上有多少摆脱贫困的可能性
we need a lot more resources.
我们依然需要更多的资源
This is our number one constraint.
这是我们的首要限制
For private investors, we need a big expansion of venture capital,
对于私人投资者来说 在这个新兴市场里我们需要大量的风险投资
private equity, working capital, available in emerging markets.
私人股本和运作资金
But there are also limits to what private business can accomplish.
但私有企业能做到的还是有限的
Private businesses often struggle to profitably serve the extreme poor,
私有企业挣扎在为赤贫服务和盈利之间
so philanthropy still has a major role to play.
因此慈善事业仍然扮演的重要角色
Anybody can give, but we need more leadership.
任何人都可以给予 但是我们需要更多的有领导能力的人
We need more visionary philanthropists
我们需要更多有远见的慈善家
and global leaders who will take problems in human development
致力于解决人类发展问题的全球领导者
and lead humanity to wipe them off the face of the planet.
以及带领人们洗刷地球表面的人
If you’re interested in these ideas, check out this website.
如果你对这些想法感兴趣的话 请登陆这个网站
We need more leaders.
我们需要更多的领导者
Humanity has put people on the moon.
人类已经可以登月
We’ve invented supercomputers that fit into our pockets
我们还发明了口袋大小的超级电脑
and connect us with anybody on the planet.
使我们可以与地球上任何人链接
We’ve run marathons at a five-minute mile pace.
我们可以用每公里5分钟的速度跑完马拉松
We are an exceptional people.
我们是超常的人类
But we’ve left more than one billion of our members behind.
但是我们把超过十亿的同胞丢在身后弃之不顾
Until every girl like this one has an opportunity
直到所有的女孩儿 都像她一样
to earn her full human potential,
有机会全面发展她的人类潜能
we have failed to become a truly moral and just human race.
我们没能变成一个真正有道德感和正义感的人类
Logistically speaking, it’s incredibly possible
逻辑上来说 终结极端贫穷
to end extreme poverty.
几乎难以置信
We just need to deliver proven goods and services
我们只需要向穷人运送被经验证实了的有效物资和服务
to everybody.
向每一个人
If we have the will, every one of us has a role to play.
如果我们有这样的决心 我们中的每一个人都有角色要承担
Let’s deploy our time, our careers,
让我们部署好我们的时间和事业
our collective wealth.
和我们共同的财富
Let us deliver an end to extreme poverty
让我们在有生之年
in this lifetime.
终结极度贫困
Thank you.
谢谢
(Applause)
（掌声）